HIV ‐ 1 replication activates CD4 + T cells with specificities for persistent herpes viruses by Anna Haas, Manuela Rehr, Frederik Graw, Peter Rusert, Walter Bossart, Herbert Kuster, Alexandra Trkola, Huldrych F. Günthard, and Annette Oxenius EMBO Mol Med. Volume 2(6): June 17, 2010 ©2010 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Study cohort B: Dynamics of HIV ‐ specific CD4+ T cells and CD4+ T cells specific for persistent viral antigens correlated after HIV rebound. Anna Haas et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2010;2: ©2010 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Dynamical correlation analysis. Anna Haas et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2010;2: ©2010 by European Molecular Biology Organization

CMV ‐ specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells up ‐ regulate activation markers upon HIV rebound. Anna Haas et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2010;2: ©2010 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Plasma LPS levels, sCD14 and pro ‐ inflammatory cytokines are not elevated during HIV rebound. Anna Haas et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2010;2: ©2010 by European Molecular Biology Organization

CD40 expression on peripheral blood dendritic cells increases during viral rebound and follows similar dynamics as HIV ‐ and CMV ‐ specific CD4+ T cell responses. Anna Haas et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2010;2: ©2010 by European Molecular Biology Organization

CD40 expression on peripheral blood dendritic cells correlates with the dynamics of the HIV ‐, CMV ‐, EBV ‐ and HSV1+2 ‐ specific CD4+ T cell responses during viral rebound. Anna Haas et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2010;2: ©2010 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Activated DCs are more potent in restimulating CMV ‐ specific CD4+ T cells. Anna Haas et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2010;2: ©2010 by European Molecular Biology Organization

Proposed mechanisms of how HIV replication induces activation of CD4+ T cells with specificities for persistent viral antigens. Anna Haas et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2010;2: ©2010 by European Molecular Biology Organization