Ch 12-2 Quiz 1. Define zoning. 2. Define property tax. 3. Define intergovernmental revenue. 4. Give two examples of intergovernmental revenues. 5. What are two ways a community might pay for a major project such as a new airport or new school?

Ch 12-2 Quiz 1. Define zoning. Land use laws 2. Define property tax. Tax on land and buildings. 3. Define intergovernmental revenue. Money given by one level of government to another. 4. Give two examples of intergovernmental revenues. Block grants Categorical grants 5. What are 2 ways a community might pay for a major project such as a new airport or new school? Issue bonds, apply for intergovernmental revenue.

Chapter 12-1 Types of Local Government

Who created local government? Who created local government? States States Which has the greatest effect on your daily life? Which has the greatest effect on your daily life? Local Local State State Federal Federal Types of Local Government Types of Local Government County County Township Township Town/City/Municipal Town/City/Municipal

Counties and Townships Oldest unit of local government Oldest unit of local government county county County Government County Government County seat is the “capital” of the county County seat is the “capital” of the county Purpose: keep law and order and collect taxes Purpose: keep law and order and collect taxes Board (Commissions) Board (Commissions) Group of people who manage an organization Group of people who manage an organization 3-5 elected commissioners or supervisors 3-5 elected commissioners or supervisors Pass ordinances Pass ordinances Local laws Local laws

El Paso County Commission Five districts with elected commissioners Five districts with elected commissioners Meet weekly Meet weekly Publish minutes Publish minutes of meetings of meetings

Counties and Townships Counties divided into townships Counties divided into townships Middle Atlantic states Middle Atlantic states Midwest Midwest Township work is done at the county/city level Township work is done at the county/city level Town Town New England New England Included village and surrounding farmlands Included village and surrounding farmlands Town meetings – remnant of direct democracy Town meetings – remnant of direct democracy 3-5 members on the town board 3-5 members on the town board Special Districts Special Districts Unit of government which provides a special service Unit of government which provides a special service

County Commissioner Represents northern El Paso County Represents northern El Paso County We are DISTRICT 1 We are DISTRICT 1 Lawyer by trade Lawyer by trade Darryl Glenn

Counties and Townships Other County Officials Other County Officials Sheriff – historical roots in England Sheriff – historical roots in England enforces the laws enforces the laws operates the jail operates the jail Assessor Assessor Calculates property values Calculates property values Treasurer Treasurer Collects property taxes Collects property taxes County Clerk County Clerk Maintains official records Maintains official records

Sheriff Provides law enforcement for the county Provides law enforcement for the county Bill Elder

County Assessor Determines the values of all taxable property in the county Determines the values of all taxable property in the county Responsible for the official county map Responsible for the official county map Mark Lowderman 2000 $185, $185, $245, $245, $232,000? 2009 $232,000?

County Treasurer Responsible for collecting property taxes Responsible for collecting property taxes Serves as the bank for county funds Invests county funds Bob Balink

County District Attorney Public prosecutor Public prosecutor Carries out criminal investigations Carries out criminal investigations Prosecutes law breakers Prosecutes law breakers Dan May

County Coroner Dr. Robert Bux Dr. Robert Bux Determines the cause of death for persons in El Paso County from other than normal circumstances Determines the cause of death for persons in El Paso County from other than normal circumstances industrial accidents industrial accidents traffic deaths traffic deaths disease disease external violence external violence

County Clerk and Recorder Serves people by recordings (Birth certificates, marriage licenses, divorce decrees, mortgages), Serves people by recordings (Birth certificates, marriage licenses, divorce decrees, mortgages), Elections, motor vehicle registrations, and minutes of county commission meetings Elections, motor vehicle registrations, and minutes of county commission meetings Wayne W. Williams

County Surveyor Surveys land and sets boundary lines Surveys land and sets boundary lines

Municipalities A government that serves people in an urban area is called a municipality A government that serves people in an urban area is called a municipality Boundaries and powers are set by the state Boundaries and powers are set by the state Local laws are called ordinances Local laws are called ordinances Municipalities follow one of three plans: Municipalities follow one of three plans: Mayor-Council Mayor-Council Strong and Weak Plans Strong and Weak Plans Council-Manager Council-Manager Commission Commission

Municipal Plans of Government Mayor-Council Plan (35%) Mayor-Council Plan (35%) Mayor is “executive” Mayor is “executive” Council is “legislature” Council is “legislature” Weak Mayor Plan Weak Mayor Plan Council has executive and legislative powers Council has executive and legislative powers Council members are elected Council members are elected Council chooses mayor from its members Council chooses mayor from its members Strong Mayor Plan Strong Mayor Plan Mayor and Council are elected by voters Mayor and Council are elected by voters Mayor has executive duties Mayor has executive duties Council has legislative duties Council has legislative duties Most resembles federal government structure Most resembles federal government structure

Mayor-Council Plan Strong Plan / Weak Plan * 35% of cities have this *Comes from England

Strong Mayor-Council Plan Growth of cities brings need for strong executive! Mayor and council BOTH elected! Mayor hires and fires employees & prepares budget

Weak Mayor-Council Plan *Dates back to colonial days Council has most power! Council acts as legislative and executive!! Mayor chosen from among council members!

Council-Manager Plan *Nonpartisan Council chosen by election *Council hires city manager who carries out policies

Commission Plan *Voter choose several commissioners who together make ordinances *Each commissioner directs one city department **Least used of the city governing systems

Services and Revenue Local governments provide many services to its citizens Local governments provide many services to its citizens Utilities—services needed by the public such as water, gas, and electricity Utilities—services needed by the public such as water, gas, and electricity Planning Commission (#12)—plans for future growth Planning Commission (#12)—plans for future growth Parks Commission—ensures that parks are available for the citizens Parks Commission—ensures that parks are available for the citizens Highway Commission—plans and build roads Highway Commission—plans and build roads

Education Local governments spend most of their money on EDUCATION – local, state and federal sources Local governments spend most of their money on EDUCATION – local, state and federal sources Local School Board builds schools, hires teachers, and decides what courses to teach Local School Board builds schools, hires teachers, and decides what courses to teach Schools must follow STANDARDS set by the state Schools must follow STANDARDS set by the state Superintendent Superintendent

Local Government State government give local communities the right to exist **Centennial is newest Colorado community Some states grant communities the right to have home rule-- the right to write their own charter Special districts are units of government set up for a specific purpose Fire district School District #38 Park district Library district (PPLD) Insect Control district Transportation district Sanitation district Soil Conservation district

Zoning - #11 Zoning - #11 Practice of dividing city or county into districts based on land use is called zoning. Practice of dividing city or county into districts based on land use is called zoning. Usually 4 categories—residential, commercial, industrial, or agriculture. Usually 4 categories—residential, commercial, industrial, or agriculture. “The Zoning Commission would like to point out some irregularities”+ Zoning ensures that people are consistent with their neighbors BUT also takes away some fundamental rights

Local Government Income - #14 AND TRAFFIC TICKETS

Local Government Income

Local Government Expenditures Education is #1 Cost Health & Welfare is growing

More on Local Expenditures

Changes in Local Government

Chapter 12-2 Local Government Services and Revenue

Local Government Services Education Education Costs the most of local services Costs the most of local services Provide public education K-12 Provide public education K-12 Run the programs, decide on curriculum, sets schedules Run the programs, decide on curriculum, sets schedules State government State government Set standards for teachers, buildings, learning Set standards for teachers, buildings, learning $$ $$ Content Standards Content Standards

Local Government Services Education Education Federal government Federal government $$ $$ Buildings, school lunches, special needs programs Buildings, school lunches, special needs programs Utilities - #9 Utilities - #9 Local government provides for water, sewage treatment Local government provides for water, sewage treatment Approve gas, electricity providers Approve gas, electricity providers

Local Government Services Health & Welfare Health & Welfare Health care Health care Child care Child care Job training Job training Subsidized housing Subsidized housing Public assistance programs Public assistance programs Maintain public health standards Maintain public health standards Restaurant inspections Restaurant inspections Water quality Water quality Environmental laws obeyed Environmental laws obeyed

Local Government Services Land Use Land Use Zoning - #11 Zoning - #11 Local laws dividing land for specific uses Local laws dividing land for specific uses Tool for planning and controlling growth Tool for planning and controlling growth Who decides? Who decides? Planning commission sets goals Planning commission sets goals Consider builders, environmentalists, citizens Consider builders, environmentalists, citizens Presents land use plan to county board for approval Presents land use plan to county board for approval

Local Government Services Public Safety Public Safety Police and firefighters Police and firefighters Building codes are followed Building codes are followed

Local Government Revenues Taxes Taxes Property tax (25%) Property tax (25%) A tax on land and buildings A tax on land and buildings Amount is based on value of property Amount is based on value of property Fair – the more you own, the more services you use Fair – the more you own, the more services you use Local sales taxes Local sales taxes For “daytime citizens” For “daytime citizens” Service charges Service charges Building inspections for safety compliance Building inspections for safety compliance Tolls from roads, parking meters Tolls from roads, parking meters

Local Government Revenues Sells bonds to raise revenue Sells bonds to raise revenue Federal and state grants Federal and state grants Intergovernmental revenue Intergovernmental revenue Money given by one level of government to another Money given by one level of government to another Categorical and block grants Categorical and block grants Limits to revenue Limits to revenue Ability to tax is set by the state government Ability to tax is set by the state government Demand for services outpaces the revenue generated by them Demand for services outpaces the revenue generated by them

Chapter 12-3 Conflict and Cooperation Between Governments

Conflict Between Local Governments Conflict Conflict Economics Economics Compete to attract new businesses Compete to attract new businesses Compete to attract federal and state grants Compete to attract federal and state grants Effects of local policies Effects of local policies Zoning restrictions Zoning restrictions Cooperation Cooperation Combine resources to provide basic services Combine resources to provide basic services Examples, fire protection, regional jails & hospitals Examples, fire protection, regional jails & hospitals vs.

Conflict Between Local & State Governments Home Rule - #18 Home Rule - #18 State grants right to write local charter State grants right to write local charter Conflict Conflict Local and state jurisdiction? Local and state jurisdiction? State authority exceeds local government’s State authority exceeds local government’s Cooperation Cooperation State helps local government solve larger problems State helps local government solve larger problems vs.

Conflict Between Local, State & Federal Governments Conflict Conflict Money is common problem Money is common problem Grants provided to meet national goals may not match local needs Grants provided to meet national goals may not match local needs Cooperation Cooperation Environmental cleanup Environmental cleanup Law enforcement Law enforcement

State and Local Spending

Content Standards - Civics #1 Students understand the purpose of government and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government. #1 Students understand the purpose of government and the basic constitutional principles of the United States republican form of government Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves by analyzing how different forms of government execute the purposes of government Students know and understand what government is and what purpose it serves by analyzing how different forms of government execute the purposes of government. #2. Students know the structure and function of local, state and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy. #2. Students know the structure and function of local, state and national government and how citizen involvement shapes public policy. 2.2 Students know how power, authority and responsibility are distributed, shared and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution. 2.2 Students know how power, authority and responsibility are distributed, shared and limited through federalism as established by the United States Constitution.

County Government Oldest form of government…from colonies Distance from county seats determined by one day’s wagon drive Called parishes in LA, boroughs in AK Counties are governed by County Boards/Commissions 3-5 members El Paso county has 5 commissioners Set up county programs and pass ordinances Best known county official is the sheriff

Municipal Plans of Government Council–Manager Plan Council–Manager Plan Early 1900s, city government was corrupt Early 1900s, city government was corrupt Concept is to operate like a business Concept is to operate like a business Council members elected as nonpartisans Council members elected as nonpartisans Council hires city manager to be executive Council hires city manager to be executive Free of political ties Free of political ties Commission Plan Commission Plan Rebuild Galveston, TX Rebuild Galveston, TX Voters choose commissioners Voters choose commissioners Each commissioner runs a city department Each commissioner runs a city department No single leader No single leader

Counties and Townships Special Districts Special Districts Unit of government which provides a special service Unit of government which provides a special service School district School district Water district Water district Fire district Fire district Municipality Municipality Unit of government that serves urban areas Unit of government that serves urban areas Can also be city, town or village Can also be city, town or village Boundaries set by the state Boundaries set by the state Operate under 3 plans of government Operate under 3 plans of government Mayor-Council Mayor-Council Council-Manager Council-Manager Commission Commission