Employment  Activity or Participation Rate is the percentage of any given group in the population either in work or unemployed.  Net Migration is immigration minus emigration

Measure of Unemployment  Unemployment is the amount of people out of work.

Types of Unemployment  Frictional Unemployment: workers who lose their jobs move quickly to new ones. This is short term unemployment. Supply Side  Seasonal Unemployment: demand for this type of labour varies depending on the year. Supply Side  Structural Unemployment: demand for labour is less than supply. Regional unemployment and sectoral unemployment for example Shipbuilding. Supply Side

 Cyclical or Demand deficient unemployment. This is unemployment due to business cycles. Recessions and booms result in high and low unemployment. Lack of Demand or Demand Side

Migration and Unemployment  The number of jobs in an economy is not fixed but increases when there is net migration. Migrants earn wages which are then spent. This money flows round the circular flow of income creating jobs.  Migrants are often more flexible and take jobs where there are shortages of workers.  They jobs which are beneath their skill levels. Underemployed.

The costs of unemployment  Costs to the unemployed and their dependants: loss of income and the social consequences of this.  Costs to local communities  Costs to taxpayers  Costs to the Economy

Measuring Unemployment  The Claimant Count measure includes people who are eligible to claim the Job Seeker's Allowance (JSA). The data is seasonally adjusted to take into account predictable seasonal changes in the demand for labour.  The Labour Force Survey counts those who are without any kind of job including part time work but who have looked for work in the past month and are able to start work immediately. The figure includes those people who have found a job and are waiting to start in the next two weeks.

Resources and Homework  notes/as-macro-employment- unemployment.html notes/as-macro-employment- unemployment.html  Applied Economics : p  Data Question – P