ELECTROMAGNETICS THEORY (SEE 2523)
An orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates are mutually perpendicular. Examples of orthogonal coordinate systems include the Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates. There must be three independent variables. e.g: u 1, u 2 and u 3. , and are unit vectors for each surface and the direction normal to their surfaces. 1.4 ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
The cross product between the unit vector is: While the dot product is:
Any vector can be represented as The magnitude for is given by
If and the vector operations:
1.4.1: CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM Defined by three variables x, y and z. The ranges on the variables are: A point P(x 1, y 1, z 1 ) in coordinate system is located at the intersection of the three surfaces which is determined by x = x 1, y = y 1 and z = z 1. Most of the problems in electromagnetics only can be solved using line, surface and volume integral. - < x < , - < y < and - < z <
Fig shows the points P and Q whose coordinates are P(x, y, z) and Q(x+dx, y+dy, z+dz). The movement from point P to point Q cause the variables vary from x to x+dx, y to y+dy and z to z+dz. These changes will cause the differential volume elements in Cartesian coordinates given by : dv = dxdydz Differential length, is given by :
Fig.1.10: Differential element in Cartesian coordinate dz dy dx
Three differential surfaces generated, dz dy dx
Defined by three variables : r, and z and the unit vectors are, and. A variable r, at a point P is directed radially outward, normal to the z-axis. is measured from the x-axis in the xy-plane to the r. z is the same as in the Cartesian system : CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
The ranges on the variables are: 0 < r < 0 < < 2 - < z < Fig. 1.11: A view of a point in cylindrical coordinate system.
A line, surface and volume will be generated when a single variable, two variables and three variables, respectively are varied. When these changes are differential as shown in Fig.1.12, we generate the following differential lines, surfaces and volume. Fig 1.12: Differential elements of the cylindrical coordinate system
Yield a differential volume when the coordinate increase from r, and z to r+dr, +d dan z+dz. When the angle vary from to +d , the changes in the distance is rd .
A variable r is defined as a distance from the origin to any point. is defined as an angle between the +z axis and the r line. is an angle and exactly the same as in cylindrical coordinate system : SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM Defined by three variables : r, and and the unit vectors are, and.
The ranges on the variables are: 0 < r < 0 < < 0 < < 2 Fig. 1.13: A view of a point in spherical coordinate system
The changes in d and d will cause the distance change to rd and rsin d . Fig. 1.14: Differential elements in spherical coordinate system
To reduce the length of certain equations found in electromagnetics : an operator, called del or nabla. In Cartesian coordinates for example: The operator itself has no physical meaning unless it is associated with scalars and vectors. Should be noted that some operations yields scalars while others yield vectors. 1.5: DEL OPERATOR
The following operations involving operator :