Vaccination Programs for Beef Cow/Calf Operations Dr. Michelle Arnold Ruminant Extension Veterinarian University of Kentucky

Nutritional Reminder Calf health begins at conception! Shorting the cow out nutritionally (protein, energy and trace mineral) during any of the 283 days of gestation can negatively impact the fetus and make it more susceptible to disease after birth

Aim is to prevent the most common diseases as well as enhance colostrum REQUIRED VACCINES Clostridials 7-way (<2 yrs) Blackleg Respiratory (5-way) 4-way Virals Reproductive 5-way Lepto Vibrio Cows Need Annually Hardjo-Bovis is the most common HB=Lepto Hardjo-Bovis Treat for internal and external parasites

What is BVD? One of the most important and most complicated viral diseases in beef and dairy cattle worldwide Two broad types of infection based on transmission: Transient Infection (TI) Persistent Infection (PI) A third type is not widely publicized: CI or “Congenital Infection”-fetuses that produce BVDV specific antibodies by 130 days of gestation. They can get acutely sick twice as often as unaffected-probably due to immunosuppression

PI development Persistently Infected Carriers (PI’s) 93% of all PI’s produced this way 1 – 4 months gestation Calf Infection PI’s produce PI’s 100% of the time BVD Virus Courtesy of Dr. John Pickering

What does it do? Effects on fertility

Infection early in pregnancy = failure to conceive

Early embryonic loss Infection of dam during preimplantation period (before 30-40 days). Delayed return to heat Above - normal embryo Below - a degenerate embryo from a cow infected with BVD in early pregnancy.

Abortion Up to 180 days

Mummified Fetus

Developmental defects - hydrocephalus, cleft palate, cerebellar hypoplasia (120- 150days).

Developmental defects 90 to 150 days Cataracts Retinal Degeneration Optic Neuritis

Stillbirths Live born Dummy calves

180 days on Normal calf- fetus is immunocompetent and able to mount a specific immune response

Summary of BVD Effects No effect - calf born immune Developmental -50 50 100 150 200 250 300 No effect - calf born immune Developmental defects Persistent infection Embryonic loss or abortion Failure to conceive

Persistent Infection PI Carriers If fetus becomes a PI and survives - will continuously shed millions of virus all its life from all its secretions - feces - urine - saliva - nasal - milk - semen - uterine secretions - aborted membranes, fluids, fetus - Across fences. Virus survives in environment up to 7 days If it’s a female and later gets pregnant then its offspring will be a PI and its offspring and so on and so on

Unfortunately the fact that a vaccine is licensed and available doesn’t mean it works Ribble CS Assessing vaccine efficacy Can J Vet Med Vol 31 Oct 1990

Vaccines do not work in sick, stressed, thin, heavily parasitized or TRACE MINERAL DEFICIENT cattle An animal’s immune system performs best for a well-nourished, healthy body. Colostral immunity typically protects calves for 3-8 months after ingestion on day 1 of their lives. Many factors play a role in this length of time: quality and quantity of colostrum consumed calf’s ability to utilize colostrum particular disease – calves are protected for different lengths of time depending on the disease (organism).

Trace Element Panel ($30)

Two Types of Viral Vaccines: Killed (Inactivated) and Modified Live (Attenuated) Killed vaccines initially require 2 doses given 2-4 weeks apart require annual (possibly more frequently) boosters safe for pregnant cattle more expensive more stable (not as easily destroyed) MLV vaccines usually require only 1 initial dose may require annual boosters some are NOT safe for pregnant cattle less expensive requires special handling Intranasal MLV vaccine (currently only 1 exists) contain IBR and PI-3 safe for use in pregnant cattle provide local immunity (in the nose) where the virus naturally enters the body.

Open Cows and Heifers – use modified live Open cows and heifers need a 5 way respiratory vaccine with vibrio (Campylobacter) and lepto 4-6 weeks prior to breeding Open Cows and Heifers – use modified live The initial dose of mlv vaccine needs to be given to an open cow or heifer. Two doses are recommended for heifers with the 2nd dose 30 days pre-breeding FP=Fetal Protection

MLV Respiratory Open Cows Only: Safe for Pregnant: Stimulate cell mediated and humoral immunity quickly-longer, stronger Booster recommended but not always required. Do not booster in less than 2 weeks Bovishield Gold 5, Express 5, Titanium, Pyramid 5, Vista 5 SQ

Are boosters important Are boosters important?? Anamnestic (Memory) Response with killed vaccine requires two doses- a primary and a booster

Killed Viral Respiratory Vaccines

Intranasal Vaccine

Type 1 and 2 are genotypes; CP and NCP A “respiratory vaccine” contains antigens from 4 viruses but the name often depends on the BVD fraction RESPIRATORY "4 or 5 or 6 way" Other Respiratory IBR BVD PI3 BRSV Mannheimia Pasteurella (-) Histophilus(-)   Type 1 Type 2 NCP 36% CP 25% NCP 30% *CP 9% *Not in Vaccines Type 1 and 2 are genotypes; CP and NCP Are biotypes. Pis have noncytopathic BVD

Only used if required or if identified as a problem on the farm. “HS” stands for Histophilus somni (formerly known as Haemophilus somnus) Only used if required or if identified as a problem on the farm.

Mannheimia and Pasteurella Brucellosis (Bangs) Moraxella (Pinkeye) While they are in the chute, I’ll give them everything…but they will feel rough the next day More than two Gram (-) vaccines one time or mishandle vaccine-Excess endotoxin Mannheimia and Pasteurella Brucellosis (Bangs) Moraxella (Pinkeye) Salmonella, E.coli Histophilus (Hemophilus) Vibrio (Campylobacter)

The bull needs vaccinating, deworming and a breeding soundness exam before breeding season Approximately 20% of bulls have some degree of infertility A breeding soundness exam (BSE) is critical prior to the breeding season. This evaluates his breeding potential. Many things can result in a bull becoming subfertile or sterile since the last season. Don’t gamble. Have the BSE done about 1-2 months prior to the breeding season – time to find another bull if he fails.

Pregnant cows and heifers need Scours Vaccine before they calve. Heifers need primary dose and booster. Annual vaccination required Fall calving cows should be receiving this soon. Initial is 2 doses then 1 shot annually. Scour Guard 4KC Guardian Scour Bos 9

Calf Colostrum Absorption is best in the first 6 hours of life and steadily declines to zero in 24 hours Calves should be standing 30 minutes after birth and nursing within 30 minutes after standing. Percent absorption in gut 30% Hours after birth

Cost is approximately $35

Talk to your veterinarian about your individual herd health program. Based on exposure to risk Marketing choices (Cows/calves/stockers/replacements) Compliance Expense

Scours outbreaks usually have multiple causes Primary disease-causing agents: Bacteria E.coli K99 and Salmonella Untreatable viruses like rota- and coronavirus Parasites like Cryptosporidia and coccidia Often work together to make scours more severe and more difficult to treat Others Rota & Coronavirus E. coli As you can see from this pie chart, there are multiple scours pathogens out there that can hit your herd. They fall into 3 broad groups including: Bacteria Viruses Parasites And you will often find them working together wreaking havoc and making the problem much more complex. Cryptosporidium

If calf is standing And has a suckle reflex, can treat with oral rehydration products As a calf scours, they lose bicarbonate in the feces. Bicarbonate (baking soda) loss leads to depression. The more they become depressed the more they need to supplement bicarbonate, electrolytes, and fluids to correct their imbalance. Do not use table sugar to make home made electrolyte fluids. Intravenous (IV) fluids will need to be given if calf is down and comatosed (see bottom calf picture.) 37 37

What about deworming? Use products effective against adult and inhibited Ostertagia, Cooperia “Branded” Macrocyclic lactones-Long acting + External parasite control

Benzamidazoles White wormers Short acting-kill adult worms in the gut and dormant (hypobiotic) larvae No residual activity but excellent efficacy against Cooperia What is the likelihood of reinfection? If weather is wet and warm, larvae are thriving so need the residual activity.

LONGRANGE Cost: $70/ 50 cc bottle ($1.40/cc) Proper LONGRANGE injection dose: 1cc/110 lbs BW SQ $7 to treat a 550 pound calf

Persistency (efficacy against incoming L3’s) LONGRANGE Injectable CYDECTIN® (moxidectin) Injectable DECTOMAX® (doramectin) Injectable SMALL INTESTINAL WORM (C. onocophora) SMALL INTESTINAL WORM (C. punctata) STOMACH HAIRWORM BARBER’S POLE WORM NODULAR WORM BROWN STOMACH WORM (O. Ostertagi) BROWN STOMACH WORM (O. lyrata) LUNGWORM

Calf Program Give blackleg vaccine to all calves- If first dose given before 4 months of Age, it “doesn’t count” as first dose Early castration is best and safest. Recommend an implant to gain more lean muscle Dehorn and castrate from 0-3 months

Pinkeye versus IBR

Current Pinkeye Facts Transmission – direct contact, face flies Agent – Moraxella bovis, (M. bovoculi) Transmission – direct contact, face flies Treat – long acting antibiotics Long acting tetracycline such as Hexasol or Noromycin 300(LA-200-seeing resistance) Benzathine Penicillin and Dexamethasone subconjunctival-only with valid VCPR Excede (off-label) Draxxin Nuflor (off label)

Management Predisposing Factors Lack of pigmentation around the eye ? Ultraviolet light not absorbed by white hair Mechanical irritation/Physical trauma Pollen, seeds, feed dust, dust Stubble, thorn bushes can scratch cornea Chemical trauma Fresh nitrogen applied to pasture Flies Face flies feed on eye secretions Vector of spreading bacteria from animal to animal Management

Predisposing Factors Ultraviolet light-cell damage to the cornea is initiated by UV burning. This is why the greatest occurrence is in summer. Viral Infection-Viruses such as IBR can damage the protective cells covering the eye Stress from shipping, processing, commingling can be immunosuppressive

Pinkeye Prevention Prevent Corneal Damage from sun- need shade. Control FACE flies-ear tags, face “flyps”,Altosid. Clean up areas where flies breed-spilled feed, old hay in rings. Clip pastures-mechanical injury from plant awns such as foxtail Clean Water Source-critical to keep eye clean and moist. Vaccinate Antibiotic in feed mix/ free choice mineral Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin®) is not labeled for pinkeye control. However, it is legal to feed CTC to prevent anaplasmosis. 48 48

Fly Control-UK ENT-11 Fact Sheet Numerous insecticides and equipment available-Most Permethrin based Insecticide-impregnated tag Back rubs and wicks Dust bags Sprays Feed-throughs Pour-ons Avoidance of areas with heavy fly infestations Back rubs must be strategically positioned – all cows won’t seek them out. They must be kept charged. Fly tags – organophosphates (OP’s) and pyrethroids (permethrins) are the two major insecticides that fly tags are impregnated with. Fly tags should be rotated with these compounds in mind to minimize resistance. Do not utilize different tags/insecticides at the same time – some people use different tags for cows versus calves in the same herd. This is not recommended, as it gives flies the opportunity to develop resistance to both at the same time. General recommendation: use an OP tag for two years, then a permethrin tag for one year. Then go back to an OP tag for the next two years, etc. Always remove fly tags in the fall after the fly season. This decreases the opportunity for flies to develop resistance when tags have little insecticide remaining. Sprays/Pour-ons – usually offer 2 to 3 weeks protection.Feed-through system – feed additive that prevents larvae from maturing. Potential problems are: adequate consumption for every animal. Fly migration from neighboring farms. No effect on mature flies, but will die off. Cylence or Python give good face and horn fly control

Questions?