Do-now o Have HW on desk o In your notes, list any known poisons that you can think of.

Chapter 9 Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

3 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Introduction—Objectives 1. Describe the role of a forensic toxicologist. 2. Discuss the legal importance of blood alcohol levels. 3. Explain the effects of alcohol and specific drugs and poisons on the body. 4. Discuss chemical agents that may be used for bioterrorism. 5. Describe analytical techniques for detection and identification of alcohol, poisons, and toxins in bodily fluids.

4 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Introduction—Vocabulary o depressant—a chemical that slows the heart rate and brain activity and causes drowsiness o Immunoassay—a test that relies on the antigen-antibody response o Nystagmus—involuntary jerking movement of the eyes o Poison—a chemical that can harm the body if ingested, absorbed, or breathed in sufficiently high concentrations

5 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Introduction—Vocabulary o Tolerance—in response to prolonged, heavy intake of alcohol or other drugs, the body’s need for progressively larger amounts of a chemical to cause the same levels of intoxication o Toxin—a type of poison produced naturally by living things

Michael Jackson o Nsk Nsk 6 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

7 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved 7 Michael Jackson o June 25, 2009, an accidental homicide o Homicide—a person died at the hands of another person o An overdose of medicines prescribed by Jackson’s doctor, Conrad Murray o Coroner’s determination—the interaction of anesthetics and sedatives caused Jackson to stop breathing.

Poisons o “The dose makes the poison” -Paracelsus 8 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

History 9 Hermann Boerhaave Marie and Charles Lafarge James Marsh and Mathieu Orfilia

10 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved History (Obj 9.1) o Early 1700’s—first use of chemistry to detect poisons- Hermann Boerhave o Early 19th century—toxicology became a new scientific discipline o France in 1840—Charles Lafarge trial involved testing for arsenic Mathieu Orfilia o Forensic toxicologists—study the legal and medical aspects of alcohol, drugs, poisons, and toxins in bodily fluids.

11 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Alcohol (Obj 9.2, 9.3) o In everyday speech, alcohol usually refers to the ethanol used in alcoholic beverages. o In chemistry, alcohols are a group of substances with a hydroxyl group.

Ethanol o ohol.htm ohol.htm 12 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

History of Alcohol 13 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

14 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Alcohol o All alcohols are toxic in sufficient quantities o As little as 30 mL of methanol can kill o Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, is a colorless liquid obtained from fermented grains or fruits o Initial reaction to alcohol is euphoria o Alcohol is actually a depressant

15 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Alcohol in the Body o Alcohol diffuses through the stomach and small intestines o As alcohol concentration increases: ability to respond to stimuli decreases temporary euphoria results from depressing inhibitions lose coordination and become confused memory diminishes

16 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Alcohol in the Body o The body can metabolize 15 to 30 mL of alcohol per hour o Excess alcohol is distributed to body tissues

Stages of intoxication o Brainstorm terms commonly associated with intoxication 17 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

18 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Stages of Intoxication A blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 means 8 g of alcohol per 10,000 mL of blood

19 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Stages of Intoxication o Alcohol affects different people differently ConcentrationBehavior 0.01 to 0.05Normal behavior 0.03 to 0.12Euphoria begins 0.09 to 0.25Vision blurs, loss of balance, sleepiness 0.18 to 0.30Speech slurs, dizzy, disoriented, emotional

20 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Stages of Intoxication (cont.) o Alcohol affects different people differently ConcentrationBehavior 0.25 to 0.40Standing and walking is difficult 0.35 to 0.50Impaired respiratory and circulatory systems Over 0.45Potentially fatal

HW o Worksheet- Alcohol 21 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Do-now o HAND IN worksheets o In your notes, write down your opinion on this statement: A field sobriety test is unconstitutional because it infringes on my fifth and/or fourth amendment rights 22

23 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Stages of Intoxication o Factors affecting alcohol absorption Body weight How much alcohol is consumed Over what time period Amount of food in the stomach Frequency of drinking alcohol Body fat percentage Medications and popular energy drinks

24 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Stages of Intoxication

25 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Tolerance o Metabolic tolerance—the body produces larger amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase o Functional tolerance—a person displays fewer visible symptoms of intoxication without affecting blood alcohol concentration

The Law o 0.8 blood alcohol level is illegal when driving o Rights? Implied Consent 26

Field Sobriety Tests o HgITg HgITg 27 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

28 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Field Sobriety Tests o Horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test Nystagmus is the involuntary jerking of human eyes, which increases with intoxication o Divided-attention tests o Breath tests Direct correlation between alcohol in the breath and alcohol in the blood stream Ratio is 1:2100

29 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Blood and Urine Tests o Toxicology labs use gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) o Gas chromatography separates the sample into individual components

30 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Poisons (Obj 9.3, 9.4) o Eaten (ingested) 90% - at home, involving children household cleaners o Inhaled carbon monoxide sarin, a nerve gas o Injected heroin o Absorbed Poison sumac, mustard gas, ricin, anthrax

31 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Drugs

32 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Toxicological Testing (Obj 9.5) o Detect trace amounts of drugs in the blood, urine, and body tissues with thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and immunoassay techniques o Confirmation is achieved using GC/MS.

33 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Toxicological Testing o Reinsch test—for heavy metal poisoning Certain metals dipped in hydrochloric acid produce a silver-colored coating on copper o Emission spectroscopy or atomic absorption spectrophotometry—identifies the specific metal o Blood gas screenings—detects level of CO in the blood stream

34 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Toxicological Testing o Immunoassay—measures the level of antibodies produced in response to antigens (poisons) entering the bloodstream o EMIT—enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique Rapidly detects several drugs and their metabolites

HW o Read all 3 Case studies, p o Answer all think critically questions 35 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

36 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Chapter Summary o Poisons are chemicals that harm the body if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. o Forensic toxicologists investigate the legal and medical aspects of alcohol, drugs, poisons, and toxins in the body; also testifying as expert witnesses, collaborating with the medical examiner, and analyzing evidence.

37 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Chapter Summary o The role of forensic toxicologist also includes: testing employees for drug use, screening athletes for drug use, and testing sexual assault victims for the presence of date rape drugs. o In everyday speech, alcohol usually refers to the ethanol used in alcoholic beverages. o In chemistry, alcohols are a group of substances with a hydroxyl group.

38 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Chapter Summary o Alcohol is a depressant. Initially, it causes feelings of euphoria. When more is consumed, motor skills become impaired, brain function is depressed, and the person may even lapse into a coma and die. o The liver can metabolize about 15 to 30 mL of alcohol per hour. A person becomes intoxicated when consumption exceeds that.

39 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Chapter Summary o When a driver is suspected of intoxication, several field sobriety tests are given o Presumptive tests horizontal gaze nystagmus and divided-attention tests o Conclusive test breath tests can determine blood alcohol levels.

40 Forensic Science II: Physiology of Alcohol and Poisons, Chapter 9 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Chapter Summary o How the poison enters the body determines its effect on the body inhaled poisons can cause asphyxia ingested poisons often target specific organs o Testing procedures Chromatography techniques, mass spectrometry, and immunoassay are used to detect various poisons and drugs in urine and blood Reinsch test detects heavy-metal poisoning