Citing Sources Editorial

Example First Page Pagination Your name, teacher name, class, and date (day, mo, yr) Title Text

General Guidelines Double-space the text of your paper 12 pt. font 1 inch margins on all sides of your document 1/2 inch indent on the first line of each paragraph Do not use a cover page Utilize at least 5 sources. Your last name and page number must appear on the upper right hand corner of each page 1/2 inch from the top and flush with the right margin. Works Cited must be a separate page with the title centered

When Do I Cite? When you use someone else’s ideas you must give that person credit.  A citation provides a method of giving recognition to the author of an idea or expression whether from a written source or some other medium.  A citation allows the reader of your paper to locate your sources, thereby participating in the sharing of knowledge and ideas as a responsible member of a community of scholars.  If you do not cite the sources upon which your research is based, it will be considered plagiarism.  William Patterson University http://www.wpunj.edu/library/usered/citing.ppt

How Do I Incorporate Another’s Ideas? Quotations (use sparingly in research papers) must be identical to the original Use a narrow segment of the source. must match the source document word for word must be attributed to the original author. Paraphrasing putting a passage from source material into your own words. must also be attributed to the original source. usually shorter than the original passage condensing slightly a broader segment of source material. Summarizing putting the main idea(s) into your own words, Includes only the main point(s) attribute summarized ideas to the original source. significantly shorter than the original takes a broad overview of the source material. Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author. Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly. Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Online Writing Lab at Purdue University http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/

Paraphrase the Following Passage Summarize This Same Passage Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. Online Writing Lab at Purdue University http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/02/

Why Must I Use Other Credible Source Material? Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing Give examples of several points of view on a subject Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own Expand the breadth or depth of your writing Online Writing Lab at Purdue University http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/

General Rules for Utilizing Sources Use direct quotations sparingly Summarize and paraphrase key ideas Be sure to provide a citation for all information that is not your own.

Use Credible Sources Do not use Wikipedia While Wikipedia can be useful for locating other, more credible, sources, it is not credible because anyone can edit the entries. Ensure your sources are reasonably recent Citing populating statistics that are 10 years old is not very credible because these statistics change rapidly

In-Text References

In-Text Citations: the Basics MLA uses parenthetical citations Parenthetical citations depend on the medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) Parenthetical citations also depend on the source’s entry on the Works Cited page Signal word in the text is the first thing in the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page Basic In-Text Citation Rules In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase. General Guidelines ･The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the sourceﾕs entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page. ･Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited list. 11

Author-Page Style In-text Example: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). Corresponding Works Cited Entry: Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print. In-Text Citations: Author-Page Style MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. The both citations in the in-text examples on this slide, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the information in the corresponding Works Cited entry also shown on this slide. Reduce font size on slide to allow breathing room and space. Also, use a different font for the sample text so instructions look different from the excerpt. 12

Print Source with Author In-text Example: Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3). Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). Corresponding Works Cited Entry: Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. Print. In-text Citations for Print Sources with Known Author For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation. These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited (as noted in the corresponding Works Cited entry on this slide). See comments from previous slide. 13

With Unknown Author In-text Example: We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has “more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . .” (“Impact of Global Warming” 6). Corresponding Works Cited Entry: “The Impact of Global Warming in North America.” GLOBAL WARMING: Early Signs. 1999. Web. 23 Mar. 2009. In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (e.g. articles) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire websites) and provide a page number. In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of the article appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article which appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. See comments from previous slide. 14

Other In-Text Citations 2 Work by Multiple Authors In-text Examples: Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun control is not needed in the United States (76). The authors state "Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second Amendment rights" (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76). Jones et al. counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (4). Citing a Work by Multiple Authors For a source with three or fewer authors, list the authors' last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation. For a source with more than three authors, use the work's bibliographic information as a guide for your citation. Provide the first author's last name followed by et al. or list all the last names. 15

Work Cited Page Do not use bullet points or numbers to organize the works cited page Continue with pagination (last name page number) Must correspond with internal citations

Content Refrain from first person references Offer your own ideas, examples, and analysis of the facts presented Why are the facts your are presenting significant? How do these facts tie in with the overall goal or thesis of the paper?

Additional Resources for MLA formatting OWL at Purdue: MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ Citation Machine http://citationmachine.net/index2.php?reqstyleid=1