AP World History Chapter 6 The First Global Civilization The Rise and Spread of Islam

Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World Bedouins Camel herding Clan Identity, Clan Rivalries, and the Cycle of Vengeance Grouped into tribes Shaykhs, Elder or Leader of Clan. Free warriors Rivalry Towns and Long-Distance Trade Entrepot, stop off site to sell goods that will then be taken somewhere else for trade. Mecca Umayyad clan, clan from Mecca that led after Muhammad's death. Quraysh tribe, controlled Mecca when Muhammad appeared they fought for control of the city. Ka’ba Medina

Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World Marriage and Family in Pre-Islamic Arabia Women have important roles Polygamy Poet and Neglected Gods Animism, polytheism Some tribes worshipped a supreme deity called Allah. Allah is Arabic for God today.

The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe Orphaned, Supported by his Uncle Lived in Mecca Holy Merchant City Housed the Polytheistic Gods of the Bedouins Khadija Wife and Merchant Revelations, 610 via Gabriel

Islam Third of the Abrahamic Faiths Persecution, Flight, and Victory Ka’ba gods threatened Invited to Medina, 622 Hijra, Calendar year 1 Returns to Mecca and defeats his opposition, 629 Arabs and Islam Umma, community of Islam 5 Pillars in Islam Acceptance of Islam Prayer Fasting during Ramadan Payment of zakat Hajj Islam is ... Islam is a monotheistic religion begun by Muhammad around 600 CE in Arabia. The word means “surrender”...to the will of god. Islam united Arab tribes, and larger empires would form based on the teachings of this religion. empire from Spain to India.

Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Death of Muhammad, 632 Succession struggle A. Consolidation and Division in the Islamic Community Abu Bakr Ridda Wars B. Motives for Arab Conquest Conversion Booty (riches) C. Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires Sasanian Empire weakened and ended in 651 Zoroastrianism lacked popular roots Byzantine Empire weakened

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads D. The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi’a Split Murder of third caliph Uthman Ali Rejected by Umayyads Battle of Siffin, 657 Loses support when he tries to compromise Assassinated, 661 First Son, Hasan, renounces caliphate Second Son, Husayn killed at Karbala, 680 Sunni – Umayyads Shi’a – Ali’s descendants Mu’awiya 1st Umayyad clan Caliph, 660

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads E. The Umayyad Imperium Push west Stopped in France at Poitiers, 732 Ruled an empire that stretched from Central Asia to Africa to Iberia (Spain) Capital – Damascus, Syria F. Converts and “People of the Book” Malawi, converts Dhimmi, “people of the book” – Jews and Christians Later, Zoroastrians and Hindus are considered “people of the book” G. Family and Gender Roles in the Umayyad Age - Islamic ideas prevail at first H. Umayyad Decline and Fall Revolts across the empire including Merv Abassid revolt 750, Umayyads defeated by Abassids

The Abassid Era From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abassid Era Sunni rule Repressed groups that supported them such as the Shi’a Built a huge empire that collected taxes and preserved law and order Baghdad New capital A. Islamic Conversion and Mawali Acceptance – distinction between Mawali and earlier converts disappears B. Town and Country: Commercial Boom and Agrarian Expansion Great urban expansion Sailing vessels with lateen sails - dhows Ayan – wealthy landed elite in the countryside C. The First Flowering of Islamic Learning Great buildings such as mosques and palaces Recovery of knowledge from Greece and Roman empires Contributions in math and sciences