■ Essential Question: – How was China affected by global changes during the Qing Dynasty? ■ Warm-Up Question:

Quick Class Discussion: What elements of Chinese culture remained constant over the course of Chinese history (from 3000 B.C. to 1900 A.D.)?

Core Ideas Across Chinese History China was isolated from outsiders by deserts & the Himalayan Mountains This isolation led the Chinese to refer to themselves as the “Middle Kingdom”, thought of outsiders as barbarians, & rarely traded with foreign merchants

Core Ideas Across Chinese History China was ruled by emperors who claimed the Mandate of Heaven (approval of the gods) Since the Classical Era of the Han Dynasty, Chinese government was run effectively by educated bureaucrats because of the examination system Dynasties could be overthrown if they lost the mandate of heaven, called the dynastic cycle

Core Ideas Across Chinese History Rather than following a major world religion, China was influenced by the ethical system of Confucianism Buddhism was introduced & spread through China during the Han Dynasty

Core Ideas Across Chinese History Chinese luxury goods spread through Asia & Europe across the Silk Road China was a reluctant trade nation, but it was the trend setter as other Asian nations adopted Chinese writing, gov’t, & artistic styles

Eras in Chinese history are named after the dynasties that were in power; Each of these dynasties added unique contributions in Chinese history Review of Chinese Dynasties

River Valley Era ( B.C.) China began along the unpredictable Yellow & Yangtze Rivers but only 10% of China is suitable for farming

Qin Dynasty ( B.C.) China’s first emperor (Qin Shi Huang-di) came to power, gave “China” its name, & built the Great Wall to protect from northern invasions

Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) China became an empire for the first time & entered the Classical Era during the Han Dynasty Chinese artisans mastered silk & paper making The Silk Road began Buddhism was first introduced & began to spread The Confucian Examination System began

Tang & Song Dynasties ( ) China experienced a “golden age” was the most powerful & advanced country in the world during the Tang & Song Dynasties of the post-classical era For the 1 st time, foreign trade was encouraged A series of advanced inventions were developed, like gunpowder, compass, printing press, vaccines

Yuan Dynasty ( ) In 1279, Genghis’ grandson Kublai Khan became the first foreign leader to rule China; The Mongols created the Yuan Dynasty Marco Polo’s visit during the Yuan Dynasty increased European demand for Chinese goods During the Pax Mongolica, the Silk Road was protected & trade with China increased

Ming Dynasty ( ) During the Ming Dynasty Chinese rule was restored, emperors encouraged foreign trade & exploration (Zheng He) for the first & only time in history To protect Ming emperors from future invasions, the Forbidden City was built in Beijing that no one other than royalty or approved bureaucrats could enter

■ Text Qing Dynasty ( ) In 1644, northern invaders from Manchuria conquered China & created the second foreign dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty During this era of Manchu rule, China grew to its largest size by claiming Taiwan, central Asia, Mongolia, & Tibet

■ Text Qing Dynasty ( ) Like the era of Mongol rule, Chinese rejected & led rebellions against their Manchu rulers But, Emperor Kangxi earned Chinese respect by keeping Confucian beliefs, lowering taxes, & restoring peace and prosperity to China Kangxi was the first emperor to tour China & visit peasant villages Kangxi & later Manchu rulers returned China to isolationism by restoring strict adherence to the “Middle Kingdom”

■ Text Qing Dynasty ( ) But, Qing China faced 2 important challenges that would threaten China’s future strength The introduction of new American crops like corn & sweet potatoes led to a dramatic increase in the Chinese population The sharp rise in the number of Chinese peasants would lead to competition for land & peasant uprisings

■ Text Qing Dynasty ( ) But, Qing China faced 2 important challenges that would threaten China’s future strength European missionaries & merchants arrived in Asia eager to gain access into China Europeans arrived with superior military technology, demanded that China trade with them, & refused to accept Chinese customs

■ Essential Question: – What were the characteristics & causes of Japanese feudalism? ■ Warm-Up Question: – What foreign group ruled China during the Qing Dynasty? – What two major challenges did China face during Kangxi’s reign as emperor of China?

Geography of Japan Japan is a series of islands off the coasts of Korea & China Like Greece, Japan was divided by mountains & had few areas for farming Before 400 A.D., Japan was not a unified nation but was ruled by hundreds of different family clans Japan’s island location provided protection from Chinese & Mongol invasions… …but Japan was close enough to borrow cultural ideas from China

Japan’s isolation gave rise to a unique Japanese culture, most specifically the Shinto religion Shinto is a polytheistic religion based on the respect of nature & ancestor worship Shinto worshipers believed in divine spirits called kami that live in nature The most important of the Shinto gods is the sun goddess who gave light to the world Amaterasu: Sun Goddess

As Japan had more contact with Asia, it adopted Chinese culture & ideas Japan adopted the Chinese idea of an emperor & rule by dynasties; The first Japanese emperor was said to have descended from the sun goddess Unlike China, Japanese emperors often did not have power over clan leaders; Japan often had an emperor figurehead & a clan ruler with true power Japan tried, but failed, to model the Chinese examination system for gov’t officials

Japan adopted Confucianism & blended Chinese styles of writing, architecture, & art Chinese architecture Japanese architectureChinese writingJapanese writing Chinese landscape art Japanese landscape art

In the mid-700s Buddhism was introduced in Japan from China & Korea Buddhism was accepted by Japanese emperors, but in Japanese society, Buddhism & Shinto blended An example of religious blending was Zen Buddhism

Classical Japan during the Heian Period ■?■? From , Japan entered a classical era during the Heian Period During this time, the imperial gov’t was strong & Japan experienced an era of peace and prosperity Japan developed a “golden age” in poetry, art, & literature

Japanese Feudalism ■?■? By the mid-1000s, the imperial gov’t grew weak, regional landowners gained power, & Japan became lawless & dangerous Outlaws attacked farmers & pirates attacked the coast Rival clans competed for power & threw Japan into a series of civil wars

Quick Class Discussion: Based on these images, how were Japanese & European feudal systems similar?

Japanese Feudalism As a result, Japan developed a feudal system Farmers traded land to strong warlords called daimyo who offered protection Daimyo were served by loyal warriors called samurai The emperor had little power

Japanese Feudalism Samurai warriors were usually relatives or dependents of daimyo, although some were hired warriors called Ronin Samurai warriors lived by a code of Bushido which demanded courage, loyalty, deity, fairness, & honor Samurai were skilled swordsmen, but also used horses & guns (after the arrival of Europeans)

■ Text Japanese Feudalism In 1192, the first shogun was named by the emperor The emperor remained in place, but the shogun held real power & ruled as military dictators Shoguns’ power varied over time, but the pattern of gov’t controlled by a shogun lasted until 1867

From 1560 to 1600, three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan Oda NobunagaToyotomi HideyoshiTokugawa Ieyasu

From 1560 to 1600, three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan Oda NobunagaToyotomi HideyoshiTokugawa Ieyasu In 1568, a brutal daimyo named Oda Nobunaga conquered the Japanese capital of Kyoto Oda seized power by force, was the first to use guns effectively, & eliminated Buddhist rivals that refused to accept rule by the emperor By the time of his death in 1582, Japan was not unified

From 1560 to 1600, three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan Oda NobunagaToyotomi HideyoshiTokugawa Ieyasu Oda Nobunaga’s best general was Toyotomi Hideyoshi who took over after Oda’s death Toyotomi was resourceful & not ruthless like Oda; He used political alliances, adoption, & marriage to gain power over the daimyo By 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi controlled most of Japan & tried unsuccessfully to conquer Korea

From 1560 to 1600, three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan Oda NobunagaToyotomi HideyoshiTokugawa Ieyasu After Toyotomi ‘s death in 1598, one of his daimyo allies named Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification of Japan in 1600 In 1603, Tokugawa became shogun of Japan, moved to capital to Edo (later called Tokyo), & restored gov’t & order to Japan Tokugawa ruled until 1615, but he created a line of succession called the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan until 1867

Tokugawa Shogunate For more than 250 years, Tokugawa’s successors ruled Japan as shoguns During this time, Japan benefited from peace; The economy boomed & became more commercial

Tokugawa Shogunate European merchants & missionaries first arrived in Japan in the mid-1500s Tokugawa enjoyed trade with Europeans & was fascinated to learn about their military, new technologies, & ideas

Tokugawa Shogunate Between1549 & 1600, European missionaries had converted 300,000 Japanese to Christianity This upset Tokugawa because the missionaries ignored Japanese cultural beliefs & laws In 1612, Tokugawa banned Christianity & began ruthlessly persecuting Christians All Japanese were forced to be faithful to Buddhism Execution of Christians

Japanese Isolationism Tokugawa shoguns decided to exclude foreign merchants & missionaries By 1639, Japan adopted a “closed country policy” & ended almost all foreign contacts

Nagasaki Bay Japan Deshima Dutch Ships Japanese isolation remained in place for over 200 years until the 1850s During this era of isolation, Japan had profitable trade, became self-sufficient, limited foreign ideas, & reduced Europe’s ability to colonize Japan One Japanese port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay remained open but only to Dutch & Chinese merchants