Energy in Earth Processes Unit 4

What is Energy? Energy is _____________________________ Everything that is done in the universe involves the _______________________________ Most of Earth’s surface processes are powered by energy from the ______________ the ability to do work use or transfer of energy sun

Electromagnetic Energy Electromagnetic energy is a type of energy that is ___________________ in a form of transverse waves Transverse waves: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ __________________ __________ radiated or given off Waves that vibrate at right angles in the direction in which they are moving

Transverse Waves Direction of Travel Crest Trough Wavelength Amplitude

Electromagnetic Energy ______________________ are a type of electromagnetic energy that is radiated by the sun and observed with the human eye – This is the ONLY part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the human eye! Visible light waves

Characteristics and Types of Electromagnetic Energy Different types of electromagnetic energy are distinguished by their _____________________ The wavelength is the distance from __________ ______________________ The _____________________shows us the different types of electromagnetic energy in order of __________________ wavelength different wavelengths one crest of a wave to the next crest electromagnetic spectrum increasing

Where can you find the electromagnetic spectrum chart????? LABEL! Microwaves InfraredUltraviolet X-Rays

Relationship Between Wavelength & Frequency Long Wavelength Low Frequency Short Wavelength High Frequency

Electromagnetic energy can be separated into two groups by comparing it wavelengths to visible light Electromagnetic energy with a wavelength longer than visible light is called: __________________________ Electromagnetic energy with a wavelength shorter than visible light is called a: ___________ Long-wave electromagnetic energy short wave

Interactions of Electromagnetic Energy When electromagnetic energy comes into contact with a material, the waves interact with the material. These interactions are as follows: 1._________________: Bent in their passage through materials or varying density 2.___________________: Bounced off the material 3. ___________________: Refracted or reflected in various directions Refracted Reflected Scattered

Refraction:

Reflection:

Interactions of Electromagnetic Energy 4. _________________: Passed through the material 5. __________________: Taken into the material Transmitted Absorbed

Absorption Characteristics of a surface determine the ______________________________________ ________ Example: The darker the color of the surface material, the __________________________ amount of electromagnetic energy that can be absorbed more visible light it will absorb

Absorption The ______________ or roughness or smoothness of a surface also affects the amount of electromagnetic energy that will be absorbed The _________________, the more energy it will absorb and the less it will reflect texture rougher a surface is

Absorption The more effective a material is at absorbing electromagnetic energy, the better it will also be at ______________________________ radiating or giving off electromagnetic energy TEMP

Transfer of Energy Energy moves from a region of high concentration or _______ to a region of ___________________or sink Transfer of energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature is called ____________________ Heat transfers ___________________, which is the energy of the motions of atoms and molecules source low concentration heat energy thermal energy

Dynamic Equilibrium Heat will continue to move from the source to the sink until their _________________establishing a __________________ At dynamic equilibrium, a region loses and gains ________________________ energies are equal dynamic equilibrium equal amounts of energy

Methods of Transfer Conduction Convection Radiation

Methods of Transfer Heat is transferred from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by three different methods: #1 __________________ - The transfer of heat energy from atom to atom or molecule to molecule when vibrating atoms collide Most effective in _________________________ because the atoms or molecules are closer together than in__________________ Conduction solids (especially metals) liquids or gases

CONDUCTION ANIMATION

Methods of Transfer #2 __________________ The transfer of heat by movement in fluids – __________________ - caused by differences in density Warmer portions of fluid tend to have _____________ and tend to _____________ _______________ Convection gases and liquids lower densities rise above the cooler portions

CONVECTION ANIMATION

Methods of Transfer Higher-density portions of fluid are pulled down and _______________________pushing them upwards ****The result is ___________________***** Convection current: A circulatory motion that transfers _______________________________ displace less dense objects convection current heat energy from one place to another

Convection Current

Sea Breeze

Land Breeze

Methods of Transfer #3 __________________ The method by which heat is transferred via electromagnetic waves (ex. Light rays passing through window) Can occur in____________________ and does not require ___________________________ Radiation a medium to transfer the energy liquids, solids and gases

RADIATION ANIMATION

Animation

Transformation of Energy A transformation of energy is the changing of ______________________________________ Mechanical Energy: 1. All the energy of an object or system _____________________________________ ________ 2. The total of the ________________________ of an object or system one type of energy into another type of energy not related to the motions of the atoms and molecules potential and kinetic energy

Transformation of Energy __________________: An object in motion has this type of energy __________________: Energy related to position or phase; Also thought of as “stored” energy Either kinetic or potential energy can be _________________________ Kinetic Potential transformed into the other

Examples of Kinetic and Potential Energy Frog sitting on lily pad Frog jumping into the water Baseball pitcher standing at the mound Baseball pitcher throwing a pitch Child sitting on top of a playground slide Child going down a slide

One of the best examples! Video

Temperature and Heat The temperature of an object is directly related to the amount ___________________________ _____________ Temperature: A measure of the _____________ _________________________________ - NOT A TYPE OF ENERGY!! of heat or thermal energy in the object or region average kinetic energy of the particles of a body of matter

The greater the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter, the __________________ ____________ higher the temperature Temperature and Heat

Specific Heat: The quantity of heat needed ______________________________________ _____ Specific heat can also be thought of as the _____________________to heating or cooling off Example:___________ has the highest specific heat of naturally occurring substances to raise the temperature of 1g of any substance 1°C resistance a material has Liquid water Animation

Question Equal masses of lead, granite, basalt, and water at 5°C are exposed to equal quantities of heat energy. Which would be the first to show a temperature rise of 10°C? 1.Lead 2.Granite 3.Basalt 4.Water

Changes of State Matter can exist in three different states: _____,_____,_________ An increase or decrease in energy and temperature of matter can cause the matter to _____________________________ Solid liquid and gas change from one state to another

Examples of Phases 1. _________________: Changing from solid to liquid 2. _______________: Changing from liquid to solid (aka freezing) 3. ________________: Changing from liquid to gas or vapor Melting Solidification Evaporation

Examples of Phases 4. _________________: Changing of gas or vapor to a liquid 5. _______________: Changing of gas DIRECTLY to solid Condensation Sublimation

When a material is going through a phase change, its temperature will _______________ as it is heated (the heat energy is not increasing the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules) In order for a change of state to occur from solid to liquid, or from liquid to gas, the substance must _____________________________ In order for a change of state to occur from a gas to liquid, or from liquid to a solid, the substance must______________________________ remain the same gain heat lose stored heat

Animation

Where can you find information about energy gained/lost during phase changes for water??

Sample Questions Water loses energy when it changes phase from: A.Liquid to solid B.Solid to liquid C.Liquid to gas D.Solid to gas

Sample Questions During which phase change will the greatest amount of energy be absorbed by 1 gram of water? A.Melting B.Freezing C.Evaporation D.Condensation