Cost of Capital

n Financial Performance n Time value of money n Stocks and Bonds n Risk and Return n The Investment Decision (Capital Budgeting) (Capital Budgeting) Where we’ve been...

Assets Liabilities & Equity Current assets Current Liabilities Fixed assets Long-term debt Preferred Stock Preferred Stock Common Equity Common Equity

Assets Liabilities & Equity Current assets Current Liabilities Fixed assets Long-term debt Preferred Stock Preferred Stock Common Equity Common Equity The investment decision

n The financing decision Cost of capital Cost of capital Leverage Leverage Capital Structure Capital Structure The Dividend Decision The Dividend Decision Working Capital Working Capital Where we’re going...

Assets Liabilities & Equity Current assets Current Liabilities Fixed assets Long-term debt Preferred Stock Preferred Stock Common Equity Common Equity

Assets Liabilities & Equity Current assets Current Liabilities Fixed assets Long-term debt Preferred Stock Preferred Stock Common Equity Common Equity The financing decision

Assets Liabilities & Equity Current assets Current Liabilities Long-term debt Long-term debt Preferred Stock Preferred Stock Common Equity Common Equity } Capital Structure

Cost of Capital n For Investors the rate of return on a security is a benefit of investing. n For Financial Managers that same rate of return is a cost of raising funds that are needed to operate the firm. n In other words, the cost of raising funds is the firm’s cost of capital.

How can the firm raise capital? n Bonds n Preferred Stock n Common Stock n Each of these offers a rate of return to investors. n This return is a cost to the firm. n “Cost of capital” actually refers to the weighted cost of capital - a weighted average cost of financing sources.

The Weighted Cost of Capital n To calculate the firm’s weighted cost of capital, we must first calculate the costs of the individual financing sources: n Cost of Debt n Cost of Preferred Stock n Cost of Common Stock

Cost of Debt

For the issuing firm, the cost of debt is: n the rate of return required by investors, n adjusted for flotation costs (any costs associated with issuing new bonds), and n adjusted for taxes.

Example: Tax effects of financing with debt with stock with debt with stock with debt EBIT 400, ,000 - interest expense 0 (50,000) EBT 400, ,000 - taxes (34%) (136,000) (119,000) EAT 264, ,000

Example: Tax effects of financing with debt with stock with debt with stock with debt EBIT 400, ,000 - interest expense 0 (50,000) EBT 400, ,000 - taxes (34%) (136,000) (119,000) EAT 264, ,000 n Now, suppose the firm pays $50,000 in dividends to the stockholders.

Example: Tax effects of financing with debt with stock with debt with stock with debt EBIT 400, ,000 - interest expense 0 (50,000) EBT 400, ,000 - taxes (34%) (136,000) (119,000) EAT 264, ,000 - dividends (50,000) 0 Retained earnings 214, ,000

After-tax cost Before-tax cost Tax After-tax cost Before-tax cost Tax of Debt of Debt Savings of Debt of Debt Savings - =

After-tax cost Before-tax cost Tax After-tax cost Before-tax cost Tax of Debt of Debt Savings of Debt of Debt Savings 33,000 = 50, ,000 33,000 = 50, ,000 - =

After-tax cost Before-tax cost Tax After-tax cost Before-tax cost Tax of Debt of Debt Savings of Debt of Debt Savings 33,000 = 50, ,000 33,000 = 50, ,000 OR OR - =

After-tax cost Before-tax cost Tax After-tax cost Before-tax cost Tax of Debt of Debt Savings of Debt of Debt Savings 33,000 = 50, ,000 33,000 = 50, ,000 OR OR 33,000 = 50,000 ( ) 33,000 = 50,000 ( ) - =

After-tax cost Before-tax cost Tax After-tax cost Before-tax cost Tax of Debt of Debt Savings of Debt of Debt Savings 33,000 = 50, ,000 33,000 = 50, ,000 OR OR 33,000 = 50,000 ( ) 33,000 = 50,000 ( ) Or, if we want to look at percentage costs: - =

After-tax Before-tax Marginal % cost of % cost of x tax Debt Debt rate After-tax Before-tax Marginal % cost of % cost of x tax Debt Debt rate - = 1

K d = k d (1 - T) K d = k d (1 - T) - = 1

After-tax Before-tax Marginal % cost of % cost of x tax Debt Debt rate After-tax Before-tax Marginal % cost of % cost of x tax Debt Debt rate K d = k d (1 - T) K d = k d (1 - T).066 =.10 (1 -.34).066 =.10 (1 -.34) - = 1

Example: Cost of Debt n Prescott Corporation issues a $1,000 par, 20 year bond paying the market rate of 10%. Coupons are annual. The bond will sell for par since it pays the market rate, but flotation costs amount to $50 per bond. n What is the pre-tax and after-tax cost of debt for Prescott Corporation?

n Pre-tax cost of debt: 950 = 100(PVIFA 20, k d ) (PVIF 20, k d ) using the calculator, using the calculator, k d = 10.61%. k d = 10.61%. n After-tax cost of debt: Kd = kd (1 - T) Kd = kd (1 - T) Kd =.1061 (1 -.34) Kd =.1061 (1 -.34) Kd =.07 = 7% Kd =.07 = 7%

n Pre-tax cost of debt: 950 = 100(PVIFA 20, k d ) (PVIF 20, k d ) using the calculator, using the calculator, k d = 10.61%. So, a 10% bond k d = 10.61%. So, a 10% bond costs the firm costs the firm n After-tax cost of debt: only 7% (with Kd = kd (1 - T) flotation costs) Kd = kd (1 - T) flotation costs) Kd =.1061 (1 -.34) since the interest Kd =.1061 (1 -.34) since the interest Kd =.07 = 7% is tax deductible. Kd =.07 = 7% is tax deductible.

Cost of Preferred Stock n Finding the cost of preferred stock is similar to finding the rate of return, (from Chapter 8) except that we have to consider the flotation costs associated with issuing preferred stock.

Cost of Preferred Stock n Recall: kp = = kp = = DPo Dividend Price Price

Cost of Preferred Stock n Recall: kp = = kp = = n From the firm’s point of view: kp = = kp = = NPo = price - flotation costs! DPo Dividend Price Price Dividend Net Price DNPo

Example: Cost of Preferred n If Prescott Corporation issues preferred stock, it will pay a dividend of $8 per year and should be valued at $75 per share. If flotation costs amount to $1 per share, what is the cost of preferred stock for Prescott?

Cost of Preferred Stock kp = = kp = = Dividend Net Price DNPo

Cost of Preferred Stock kp = = kp = = = = 10.81% = = 10.81% Dividend Net Price DNPo

Cost of Common Stock n There are 2 sources of Common Equity: 1) Internal common equity (retained earnings), and 2) External common equity (new common stock issue) Do these 2 sources have the same cost?

Cost of Internal Equity n Since the stockholders own the firm’s retained earnings, the cost is simply the stockholders’ required rate of return. n Why? n If managers are investing stockholders’ funds, stockholders will expect to earn an acceptable rate of return.

Cost of Internal Equity

1) Dividend Growth Model

Cost of Internal Equity 1) Dividend Growth Model Kc = + g Kc = + g D 1 Po

Cost of Internal Equity 1) Dividend Growth Model Kc = + g Kc = + g 2) Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) D 1 Po

Cost of Internal Equity 1) Dividend Growth Model Kc = + g Kc = + g 2) Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) k c = k rf + B ( k m - k rf ) k c = k rf + B ( k m - k rf ) D 1 Po

Cost of External Equity Dividend Growth Model Dividend Growth Model

knc = + g knc = + g D 1 NPo Cost of External Equity

Dividend Growth Model Dividend Growth Model knc = + g knc = + g D 1 NPo Net proceeds to the firm after flotation costs!

Weighted Cost of Capital n The weighted cost of capital is just the weighted average cost of all of the financing sources.

Weighted Cost of Capital Capital Capital Source Cost Structure debt 6% 20% preferred 10% 10% common 16% 70%

n Weighted cost of capital =.20 (6%) +.10 (10%) +.70 (16).20 (6%) +.10 (10%) +.70 (16) = 13.4% Weighted Cost of Capital (20% debt, 10% preferred, 70% common)