The Nuts and Bolts of First-Principles Simulation Durham, 6th-13th December : Linear response theory CASTEP Developers’ Group with support from the ESF k Network
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 2 Outline Objectives Perturbed potentials and E (2) Which perturbations? Phonons Calculating E (2) for phonon perturbations Cross derivatives and the force-constant matrix The zone centre Summary
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 3 Objectives To give an idea of what linear response theory is and what can be calculated with it To outline the theory for phonons To show the scheme of calculation
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 4 Perturbed potentials The central idea is to compute how the total energy responds to a perturbation, usually of the DFT external potential v Expand quantities (E, n, , v) Taylor series Properties related to the derivatives
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 5 Which perturbations? External potential: arises from the ionic cores and any external fields Ionic positions phonons Cell vectors elastic constants Electric fields dielectric response Magnetic fields NMR Not just the potential, any Hamiltonian perturbation d/dk Born effective charges d/d(PSP) alchemical perturbation
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 6 Phonons: basics For a periodic system the displacement pattern for each atom Frequency depends on q - dispersion For N atoms in a (super)cell there are 3N phonon modes at each wavevector q
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 7 Phonons: general expressions The 3N eigenstates of D Relation to energy second derivative
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 8 Phonon perturbation for LR For each atom i at a time, in direction The potential becomes a function of Take derivatives of the potential wrt Hartree, xc: derivatives of potentials done by chain rule wrt n and Then E (2) looks like this...
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 9 Expression for E (2) For order n, the “2n+1 theorem” allows us to write a constrained variational expression for E: E (2n) depends on of order n or below only The terms in E (2n) are the set having order 2n This is a variational quantity - more later This expression gives the electronic contribution to the diagonal elements
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 10 Variational principle E (2) is variational wrt The plane-wave coefficients of are varied to find the minimum E (2) under a perturbation of a given ion i in a given direction and for a given q Similar to standard total energy calculation Based on a ground state (E (0) ) calculation Choice of q related to {k }
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 11 Off-diagonal elements The E (2) just considered is stationary There are non-stationary expressions that can be used to find off-diagonal elements Combine the (1 ) found for one perturbation with the potential perturbed for another ion or direction …but at the same q of course We have a row of the matrix (electronic part) Can check diagonal elements this way
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 12 Whole calculation Use Find electronic force constant matrix Add in Ewald part Repeat for a mesh of q Fourier transform to get F(R) Fit and interpolate Fourier transform and mass weight to get D at arbitrary q
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 13 Pros and cons Pros Fast, each wavevector less than a total energy calculation Arbitrary q General formalism Cons Details of implementation considerable May not be ideal for -point calculation of second derivatives in large systems (transition states)
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 14 The zone centre Need Born effective charges to get LO-TO splitting Found from d/dk calculation and similar cross- derivative expressions to the forgoing Technical note: all expressions for perturbed potentials different at zone centre
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 15 LR in CASTEP What Dynamical matrix for arbitrary q “Back end”: dispersion, DOS, free energy... Born effective charges With Insulators (metals) LDA and GGA Norm-conserving potentials When Beta in spring 2002
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 16 Other perturbations Beware that the approach is general, but the major work is in the detail of implementation
Nuts and Bolts 2001 Lecture 22: Linear response theory 17 Summary LR: powerful, general, efficient Phonon calculations in CASTEP soon