DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron Properties 1.Strength 2.Hardness 3.Brittleness 4.Stiffness Depends upon 1.Alloying elements 2.Annealing

DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron Gray cast iron 1.Carbon in free form 2.Metal is weak 3.Metal is soft 4.“E” is large

DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron White cast iron Carbon as cementite Metal is strong Metal is hard “E” is small

DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron NICKEL CAST IRON  Normal nickel cast iron  Chilled cast iron  Corrosion resistant cast iron

DR KAFEEL AHMED Normal nickel cast iron Nickel content 0.5 to 3 % Reduced hard spots Better machinability

DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron CHILLED CAST IRON Nickel content 3 to 5% Chromium and manganese With or without heat treatment Resistant to abrasion

DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron CORROSION RESISTANT CAST IRON Nickel content 12 to 20%

DR KAFEEL AHMED Chrome nickel alloy Chromium added as carbide Increased hardness Tensile strength at high temperature

DR KAFEEL AHMED Properties of steel Quality and mechanical properties depends upon Method of production Composition The mechanical work Heat treatment

DR KAFEEL AHMED Effect of carbon Pure iron soft and ductile Carbon addition 1.Increased Strength 2.Increased hardness 3.Decreased ductility

DR KAFEEL AHMED Effect of copper Copper increases the resistance to corrosion

DR KAFEEL AHMED Effect of manganese Removes oxygen and sulfur as slag

DR KAFEEL AHMED Effect of manganese Remaining manganese makes steel 1.Roll and forge better 2.Slight increase in tensile strength 3.Slight increase in hardness 4.Gives a fine grained structure 5.Can give extreme hardness and abrasion resistance

DR KAFEEL AHMED PROCESSING Proper heat treatment Strain free condition Fine grained structure Higher yield strength Greater ductility

DR KAFEEL AHMED PROCESSING Cold working Higher yield strength Tensile strength Indentation hardness Plasticity decreases Formability decreases Ductility decreases

DR KAFEEL AHMED Quality Control Implementation of International standards Function: Standards specify maximum or minimum properties Chemical properties change from standard to standard

DR KAFEEL AHMED Standards

DR KAFEEL AHMED Standards Types 1.A36: For construction 2.A238:Carbon steel for plates with low strengths and cost 3.A441:High strength low alloy steels containing vanadium and copper 4.A242: Weathering high strength low alloy steels 5.A514: Steel with strengths up to 700MPa.