NAPOLEON’S IMPACT ON FRANCE, EUROPE, AND THE WORLD France: Napoleon created stability by establishing the Code of Napoleon, a law code that consolidated such achievements of the Revolution a social equality, religious toleration, and trial by jury. He also established the Bank of France. Europe: Napoleon seized a large portion of Europe, introducing the ideas of the French Revolution and ending feudal restrictions and serfdom wherever he conquered. For example, his conquests in Germany led to the liberation of Jewish citizens from traditional restrictions. The World: French rule stimulated the growth of nationalism. Napoleon weakened Spain, causing it to lose its colonial empire in Latin America. He sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803 Was Napoleon a positive or negative force in world history? Support your answer with specific examples.

Putting Europe Back Together: Congress of Vienna (1815)

What was the meeting which attempted to restore Europe to what it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleon? What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna? What is the belief that no one country should be more powerful than the others? What was the legacy of Napoleon? What was the legacy of the Congress of Vienna?

The Big Players Britain: Lord Castlereagh Austria: Metternich Russia: Tsar Alexander I France’s Talleyrand Prussia: King Frederick William III

Congress of Vienna ( ) European monarchs sought to turn back the clock to 1789 and restore Europe’s Old Regime Members included the “Big Four” and France – Austria – Prince Metternich – England – Duke of Wellington and Lord Castlereagh – France – Talleyrand – Prussia – Frederick William III, Hardenberg, and Humboldt – Russia – Tsar Alexander I

1. Decide what to do with France 2. Maintain a balance in power in Europe 3. Restoration of European monarchies Basic Agenda

Metternich ( ) Conservative leader at the Congress Opposed democracy and nationalism Claimed that he was guided by the principle of legitimacy: lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to power

General Principles Balance of Power Nationalism Conservatism Legitimacy Compensation Liberalism

Compensation and Legitimacy Compensation – Napoleon’s enemies rewarded with land – Other nations compensated for land taken – Redrew the map of Europe Legitimacy – Restoration of pre-Napoleon rulers – House of Bourbon – France, Spain, and the two Sicilies – House of Braganza – Portugal – House of Orange – Netherlands – House of Savoy – Sardinia – German princes – territories in the Confederation of the Rhine – Pope and Catholic Church – Papal States

Territorial Changes Austria gained Lombardy, Modena, Parma, Tuscany, and Venetia (all are areas in Italy) England gained Cape Colony, Ceylon, Heligoland, Guiana, and Malta (areas in Africa, the Americas, and Asia) Holland gained Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) Prussia gained part of Poland, land along the Rhine River, 40% of Saxony, Swedish Pomerania, and Westphalia Russia gained Finland and part of Poland Sweden gained Norway

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Fate of Nationalism People had no say over territorial changes Language, nationality, and religion weren’t taken into consideration Ideas of democracy and self-government were rejected by European leadership Soon enough, concessions were made

Louis XVIII of France No more divine right of kings Charter (Constitution) granted in 1814 Could not restore feudalism and serfdom Continuing religious toleration guaranteed

Buffer States Designed to prevent France from again becoming a threat Holland and Sardinia enlarged and strengthened European nations guaranteed Switzerland’s neutrality

Results of the Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe – group of leading nations which periodically met to discuss issues regarding stability Temporary suppression of democratic and nationalistic ideals The Principle of Intervention: the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to power; Great Britain did not agree with this policy International peace – no general war in Europe until World War I (100 years later) – Crimean War ( ) – Austro-Prussian War (1866) – Franco-Prussian War ( )

Legacy of Congress of Vienna “Balance of Power” doctrine Restoration of monarchies New political map of Europe New political philosophies (liberalism and conservatism)

Review Questions What countries made up the “Big Four” at the Congress of Vienna? What were the principles of compensation and legitimacy? How did the Congress of Vienna redraw the map of Europe? What was the purpose of the Quadruple Alliance? What were the results of the Congress of Vienna?

Prussian gains Saxony

Austrian Netherlands

Finland & Sweden