Metal Types

Objectives Know the types of metals and examples of them Know the types of metals and examples of them

Steel. is an alloy of iron and carbon and usually other metals is an alloy of iron and carbon and usually other metals There are four major steel making processes: There are four major steel making processes: the Bessemer furnace the Bessemer furnace the open hearth furnace the open hearth furnace electric furnace electric furnace the oxygen furnace the oxygen furnace

There are two general types of steel: carbon and alloy. Approximately 80 to 90 percent of steel produced is carbon steel. Approximately 80 to 90 percent of steel produced is carbon steel. Carbon steels contain 0.05 to 1 percent carbon and less than 1.5 percent of the other elements. Carbon steels contain 0.05 to 1 percent carbon and less than 1.5 percent of the other elements.

There are two general types of steel The strength of steel increases as the carbon content increases, but increase hardness, brittleness, and difficulty of fabrication The strength of steel increases as the carbon content increases, but increase hardness, brittleness, and difficulty of fabrication

Additive Effects Tungsten Tungsten produce tool steels that will maintain a cutting edge at high heat. produce tool steels that will maintain a cutting edge at high heat. Aluminum Aluminum provide a hardened surface. provide a hardened surface. Molybdenum Molybdenum increase the hardness and the endurance increase the hardness and the endurance Chromium Chromium increases the wear and corrosion resistance increases the wear and corrosion resistance More than 4 percent chromium are stainless. More than 4 percent chromium are stainless. Sulfur: Sulfur: aid in machinability Silicon Silicon improve electrical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. Nickel Nickel increase the toughness and strength. Vanadium Vanadium increase the strength.

How is metal classified? How is metal classified? These metals can be broken down into four groups These metals can be broken down into four groups Ferrous Metals Ferrous Metals Non-ferrous metals Non-ferrous metals Ferrous Alloys Ferrous Alloys Non-ferrous Alloys Non-ferrous Alloys

Ferrous metals Main ingredient is iron. Main ingredient is iron. Pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, and steel/ Pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, and steel/

Pig iron or cured iron Pig iron or cured iron iron ore changed to pig iron by a blast furnace. iron ore changed to pig iron by a blast furnace. Steel Steel iron characterized chiefly by its carbon content. iron characterized chiefly by its carbon content.

Cast iron A product of pig iron A product of pig iron Contains large amounts of carbon Contains large amounts of carbon It is brittle and granular in structure. It is brittle and granular in structure. Gray cast Gray cast sprockets, stoves, and manifolds. sprockets, stoves, and manifolds. White cast iron White cast iron agitators in grain drills agitators in grain drills Malleable cast iron Malleable cast iron conventional mower guards. conventional mower guards.

B. Non-ferrous metals Have no iron and are made up of a single element. Have no iron and are made up of a single element. Ex: Ex: aluminum, copper, lead, magnesium, nickel, tin, tungsten, zinc, silver, and gold. aluminum, copper, lead, magnesium, nickel, tin, tungsten, zinc, silver, and gold.

Wrought iron A product of pig iron that has had most of the carbon removed. A product of pig iron that has had most of the carbon removed. resistance to corrosion and fatigue resistance to corrosion and fatigue Only ferrous metal that contains siliceous slag. Only ferrous metal that contains siliceous slag. Responsible for the desirable properties Responsible for the desirable properties used for rivets, porch furniture, and decorative roof supports used for rivets, porch furniture, and decorative roof supports

Aluminum is a silver-white, malleable, ductile metal. is a silver-white, malleable, ductile metal. It is known for it’s electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, rust resistance, and light weight. It is known for it’s electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, rust resistance, and light weight.

Copper reddish-brown in color reddish-brown in color is used for tubes, wire, sheets, and plates. is used for tubes, wire, sheets, and plates. It has excellent workability, either hot or cold, and the highest electrical and heat conductivity of all commercial metals. It has excellent workability, either hot or cold, and the highest electrical and heat conductivity of all commercial metals.

Lead has a bluish-white color and a bright luster. has a bluish-white color and a bright luster. It is soft, highly malleable, and ductile; has slight tenacity; and is a poor conductor of electricity. It is soft, highly malleable, and ductile; has slight tenacity; and is a poor conductor of electricity. It is used for making pipe and containers for corrosive liquids. It is used for making pipe and containers for corrosive liquids.

Magnesium is a very lightweight, silver-white metal, which is malleable and ductile and burns in air. is a very lightweight, silver-white metal, which is malleable and ductile and burns in air. It is usually found in the alloy known as dowmetal. It is usually found in the alloy known as dowmetal. It is useful for airplane bodies, truck and auto wheels, ladders, lawn mower frames, and any place where weight reduction is important. It is useful for airplane bodies, truck and auto wheels, ladders, lawn mower frames, and any place where weight reduction is important.

Nickel Is a hard, malleable, ductile, tenacious white metal that is somewhat magnetic. Is a hard, malleable, ductile, tenacious white metal that is somewhat magnetic. It is valuable for the alloys it forms with other metals. It is valuable for the alloys it forms with other metals.

Tin does not corrode in humid conditions, adheres tenaciously to iron, has a low melting point does not corrode in humid conditions, adheres tenaciously to iron, has a low melting point used extensively in solder, brass, bronze, and pewter. used extensively in solder, brass, bronze, and pewter.

Tungsten one of the heaviest metals one of the heaviest metals used for making filaments for incandescent lamps. used for making filaments for incandescent lamps. Tungsten carbide is almost as hard as diamond and is used extensively for cutting tools. Tungsten carbide is almost as hard as diamond and is used extensively for cutting tools.

Zinc bluish-white metal at ordinary temperatures bluish-white metal at ordinary temperatures is brittle but malleable at high temperatures is brittle but malleable at high temperatures used as a galvanizing metal coating to prevent corrosion. used as a galvanizing metal coating to prevent corrosion.

Silver shiny, white metal shiny, white metal used mostly for ornamental work, jewelry, and table-ware. used mostly for ornamental work, jewelry, and table-ware. Silver is the best conductor of electricity. Silver is the best conductor of electricity. Gold Gold is most often used for ornamental jewelry. is most often used for ornamental jewelry.

C. Ferrous alloys Metals made up largely of ferrous materials but having other elements in sufficient quantities to change the ferrous characteristics. Metals made up largely of ferrous materials but having other elements in sufficient quantities to change the ferrous characteristics.

Manganese steel can stand strain, hammering, shock, and hard wear. can stand strain, hammering, shock, and hard wear. It is used for the jaws of ore crushers, power shovels, chains, gears, and safes. It is used for the jaws of ore crushers, power shovels, chains, gears, and safes.

Chromium steel resists rust, shock, scratches, and stains. resists rust, shock, scratches, and stains. It is used for bearings, safes, ore crushers, and is the basis for high-quality stainless steel. It is used for bearings, safes, ore crushers, and is the basis for high-quality stainless steel.

Nickel steel is strong, hard, elastic, tough, and durable. is strong, hard, elastic, tough, and durable. It does not rust easily It does not rust easily used for springs, cables, axles, shafts, and armor plate. used for springs, cables, axles, shafts, and armor plate.

Stainless steel seldom rusts seldom rusts used for cutlery, precision measuring instruments, dentistry supplies, auto parts, and engine valves. used for cutlery, precision measuring instruments, dentistry supplies, auto parts, and engine valves.

Tungsten steel adds hardness to steel and allows it to withstand heat. adds hardness to steel and allows it to withstand heat. Tungsten carbide is the hardest metal known and is used for various cutting surfaces. Tungsten carbide is the hardest metal known and is used for various cutting surfaces.

Molybdenum steels known for their strength and hardness known for their strength and hardness used for hacksaw blades, high-grade machinery parts, bearings, and auto parts. used for hacksaw blades, high-grade machinery parts, bearings, and auto parts.

Vanadium steel is tough and can withstand great shocks as well as resist corrosion. is tough and can withstand great shocks as well as resist corrosion. used for springs, gears, and vibrating parts of machinery. used for springs, gears, and vibrating parts of machinery.

High-speed steel contains one or more alloying elements contains one or more alloying elements

D. Non-ferrous alloys Made up of two or more nonferrous elements. Made up of two or more nonferrous elements.

Brass an alloy of copper and zinc. an alloy of copper and zinc. It is ductile, malleable, and acid resistant. It is ductile, malleable, and acid resistant. Bronze Bronze an alloy of copper and tin an alloy of copper and tin behaves very much like brass when welded. behaves very much like brass when welded.

Solder types lead and tin solder lead and tin solder copper and zinc alloy solder copper and zinc alloy solder silver and copper alloy solder. silver and copper alloy solder. Pewter Pewter an alloy of 92 percent tin, 5 percent antimony and 3 percent copper. an alloy of 92 percent tin, 5 percent antimony and 3 percent copper.

Monel is an alloy of 60 percent nickel and 40 percent copper. is an alloy of 60 percent nickel and 40 percent copper.