+ Welcome to Economics Topic 1: Fundamentals of Economics

+ What is Economics? Economics- the study of how individuals, businesses and governments make choices when faced with a limited supply of resources

+ Scarcity and it’s impact on economics Scarcity forces us to make choices, we cannot have everything Needs Wants

+ Businesses have goods and services There is no way to solve the scarcity problem Businesses provide either goods or services

+ Entrepreneurs Impact on Economics Entrepreneurs are people who decide how to combine resources to create new goods and services Entrepreneurs have different tasks: Factors of production- resources needed/used to make all goods and services Land Labor Capital Physical capital Human capital

+ Section 2: Opportunity Cost and Trade-Offs

+ What is an Opportunity Cost? Opportunity Cost- the most desirable alternative somebody gives up as the result of a decision Example: Going to Sports Night practice or going to a teacher’s extra help- which would be the best decision for you?

+ What is a trade-off? A trade off is the act of giving up on one benefit to gain another, greater benefit Usually involve things that can be easily measured, such as money, property, or time Can also include things that cannot be easily measured Can be applied to individuals and businesses Guns or butter- describes one of the common choices facing government: the choice between spending money on military or domestic needs

+ Cost/benefit analysis Cost/benefit analysis is the examination of what will be sacrificed and what will be gained Marginal cost- the extra cost of adding one unit Marginal benefit- the extra benefit of adding the same unit **As long as the marginal benefit exceed the marginal cost, it pays to add more units

+ Thinking at the Margin Thinking at the margin- when people decides how much more or less to do People have to decide the opportunity costs and benefits Thinking at the margin applies to not only businesses but also to individuals and government Example: Legislatures think at the margin when deciding how much to increase spending on a government program

+ Section 3: Production Possibilities

+ The Production Possibilities Curve The Production Possibilities Curve is used to decide what and how much to produce It is a graph that shows alternative ways to use an economy’s productive resources The graph can show how effective an economy is, whether an economy is growing and the opportunity cost of producing more of one good or service

+ Production Possibilities Frontier Production Possibilities Frontier is a line in the production possibilities curve that combines the production of two different products Each point on the production possibilities curve frontier reflects a trade-off These trade-offs are necessary because factors of production are scarce Using land, labor, and capital to make one product means that fewer resources are left to make something else Any point inside of the production possibilities frontier indicates underutilization Underutilization- use of fewer resources than the economy is capable of using

+ Efficiency Efficiency- the use of resources in such a way as to maximize the output of goods and services Rise in a factor of production increases the maximum amount of goods the nation can produce When the economy grows, economists say that the production possibilities frontier has “shifted to the right” Law of increasing costs- principle that states that as production shifts from making one item to another, more and more resources are necessary to increase production of the second item Opportunity cost increases