SETTLING AND SEDIMENTATION

 Filtration versus settling and sedimentation: Filtration Introduction (1/4)  Filtration versus settling and sedimentation: Filtration  The solid particles are removed from the slurry by forcing the fluid through a filter medium, which blocks the passage of the solid particles and allows the filtrate to pass through. Settling and sedimentation  The particles are separated from the fluid by forces acting on the particles.

 Applications of settling and sedimentation: Introduction (2/4)  Applications of settling and sedimentation: * Removal of solids from liquid sewage wastes * Settling of crystals from the mother liquor * Separation of liquid-liquid mixture from a solvent-extraction stage in a settler * Settling of solid food particles from a liquid food

 Free settling versus hindered settling: Free settling Introduction (3/4)  Free settling versus hindered settling: Free settling  A particle is at a sufficient distance from the walls of the container and from other particles so that the fall is not affected.  Interference is less than 1% if the ratio of the particle diameter to the container diameter is less than 1:200 or if the particle concentration is less than 0.2 vol% in the solution. Hindered settling  Occurred when the particles are crowded so that they settle at a lower rate.

 What is sedimentation? Introduction (4/4)  What is sedimentation?  The separation of a dilute slurry or suspension by gravity settling into a clear fluid and a slurry of higher solid content.

THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID For a rigid particle of mass m moving in a fluid, there are three forces acting on the body: Gravity force, Fg, acting downward (2) Buoyant force, Fb, acting upward where r = density of the liquid rs = density of the solid particle Vs = volume of the particle

where CD = the drag coefficient A = the projected area of the particle THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID (2/8) For a rigid particle of mass m moving in a fluid, there are three forces acting on the body: (3) Drag force, FD, acting in opposite direction to the particle motion where CD = the drag coefficient A = the projected area of the particle The resultant force equals the force due to acceleration.

The falling of the body consists of two periods: THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID (3/8) The falling of the body consists of two periods: (1) The period of accelerated fall  The initial acceleration period is usually very short, of the order of a tenth of a second or so. (2) The period of constant velocity fall and solve the above equation for v. Set  * vg is called the free settling velocity or terminal velocity.

For spherical particles of diameter d, THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID (4/8) For spherical particles of diameter d, 

THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID (5/8) The drag coefficient for rigid spheres has been shown to be a function of the Reynolds number.

In the Stokes' law region (NRe < 1), THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID (6/8) In the Stokes' law region (NRe < 1),  * The Stokes’ law region is almost always satisfied for biological solutes.

* If the particles are quite small, Brownian motion is present. THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID (7/8)  Brownian motion: the random motion imparted to the particle by collisions between the molecules of the fluid surrounding the particle and the particle. * If the particles are quite small, Brownian motion is present.  This movement of the particles in random directions tends to suppress the effect of gravity.  Settling of the particles may occur more slowly or not at all.

THEORY OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT THROUGH A FLUID (8/8)  Brownian motion (continued) * At particle sizes of a few micrometers, the Brownian effect becomes appreciable and at sizes of less than 0.1 mm, the effect predominates.  In very small particles, application of centrifugal force helps reduce the effect of Brownian motion.

[Example] Many animal cells can be cultivated on the external surface of dextran beads. These cell-laden beads or “microcarriers” have a density of 1.02 g/cm3 and a diameter of 150 mm. A 50-liter stirred tank is used to cultivate cells grown on microcarriers to produce a viral vaccine. After growth, the stirring is stopped and the microcarriers are allowed to settle. The microcarrier-free fluid is then withdrawn to isolate the vaccine. The tank has a liquid height to diameter ratio of 1.5; the carrier-free fluid has a density of 1.00 g/cm3 and a viscosity of 1.1 cP. (a) Estimate the settling time by assuming that these beads quickly reach their maximum terminal velocity. (b) Estimate the time to reach this velocity. Hint: (To be continued)

Solution:  vg = 0.022 cm/s Check: Liquid volume, V Example: settling of dextran beads Data: d = 150 mm = 0.015 cm; m = 1.1 cP = 0.011 g/cm-s; rs = 1.02 g/cm3; r = 1.00 g/cm3; g = 980 cm/s2 (a) Estimate the settling time by assuming that these beads quickly reach their maximum terminal velocity. Solution:  vg = 0.022 cm/s Check: Liquid volume, V  h = 52.3 cm  Settling time (To be continued)

Solution (cont’d): Force balance: ;   (I.C.: t = 0, v = 0)  Example: settling of dextran beads (b) Estimate the time to reach the terminal velocity. Solution (cont’d): Force balance: ;   (I.C.: t = 0, v = 0)  (To be continued)

 When t >> 1.16  10-3 s, v = vg Example: settling of dextran beads (b) Estimate the time to reach the terminal velocity. Solution (cont’d): At steady state (t  ),  When  When t >> 1.16  10-3 s, v = vg  For v = 0.99vg, t = 5.34  10-3 s #

ISOPYCNIC (SAME-DENSITY) SEDIMENTATION  To capture particles in a solution having density gradient.  Application: determining the density of the solute or suspended particle. * There are three methods for establishing conditions for isopycnic sedimentation: (1) Layer solutions of decreasing density, starting at the bottom of the tube. (2) Centrifuge the solution containing a density-forming solute (such as CsCl) at extremely high speed. (3) Use the gradient mixing method.

 Produce an outflow with a linear solute gradient. ISOPYCNIC (SAME-DENSITY) SEDIMENTATION (2/3) * Methods for establishing conditions for isopycnic sedimentation (cont’d) (3) Use the gradient mixing method.  Produce an outflow with a linear solute gradient.  The most widely used method. Q/2 Q Q

where C1,0 = initial solute concentration in the mixed chamber ISOPYCNIC (SAME-DENSITY) SEDIMENTATION (3/3) C2 C, Q where C1,0 = initial solute concentration in the mixed chamber C2 = solute concentration in the non-mixed chamber (constant) Q = outflow rate from the mixed chamber V0 = initial volume in each vessel

ISOPYCNIC (SAME-DENSITY) SEDIMENTATION

[Example] You wish to capture 3 mm particles in a linear density gradient having a density of 1.12 g/cm3 at the bottom and 1.00 g/cm3 at the top. You layer a thin particle suspension on the top of the 6 cm column of fluid with a viscosity of 1.0 cp and allow particles to settle at 1 g. How long must you wait for the particles you want (density = 1.07 g/cm3) to sediment to within 0.1 cm of their isopycnic level? Is it possible to determine the time required for particles to sediment to exactly their isopycnic level? Solution: (a)  (To be continued)

The dependence of liquid density r on the distance x is: Example: isopycnic sedimentation (cont’d) The dependence of liquid density r on the distance x is: The isopycnic level of r = 1.07 g/cm3 is: The time needed for the particle to sediment to 3.4 cm can be obtained from: (To be continued)

 (b) It is not possible to determine the time required for particles to sediment to exactly their isopycnic level (3.5 cm). #

DIFFERENTIAL SETTLING (or CLASSIFICATION)  Separation of solid particles into several size fractions based upon the settling velocities in a medium.

The terminal settling velocities of components A and B are: DIFFERENTIAL SETTLING (2/6) If the light and heavy materials both have a range of particle sizes, the smaller, heavy particles settle at the same terminal velocity as the larger, light particles. The terminal settling velocities of components A and B are: For particles of equal settling velocities, vgA = vgB.

In the turbulent Newton's law region, CD is constant. DIFFERENTIAL SETTLING (3/6) In the turbulent Newton's law region, CD is constant.  For laminar Stokes’ law settling, 

For transition flow between laminar and turbulent flow, DIFFERENTIAL SETTLING (4/6) In the turbulent Newton's law region, CD is constant, For laminar Stokes’ law settling, For transition flow between laminar and turbulent flow,

* Size range dA3 to dA4: pure fraction of A DIFFERENTIAL SETTLING (5/6)  Settling a mixture of particles of materials A (the heavier) and B (the lighter) with a size range of d1 to d4 for both types of material: * Size range dA3 to dA4: pure fraction of A  No B particles settle as fast as the A particles in this size range. * Size range dB1 to dB2: pure fraction of B  No particles of A settle as slowly.

* Increasing the density r of the medium. DIFFERENTIAL SETTLING (6/6) * Size range of A particles from dA1 to dA3 and size range of B particles from dB2 to dB4: form a mixed fraction of A and B * Increasing the density r of the medium.  The spread between dA and dB is increased.

Solution: A particles: galena; B particles: silica [Example] A mixture of silica and galena (方鉛礦; PbS) solid particles having a size range of 5.21  10-6 m to 2.50  10-5 m is to be separated by hydraulic classification using free settling conditions in water at 20C. The specific gravity of silica is 2.65 and that of galena is 7.5. Calculate the size range of the various fractions obtained in the settling. The water viscosity at 20C is 1.005  10-3 Pa-s. Solution: A particles: galena; B particles: silica Assuming Stokes’ law settling,  Check the validity of the Stokes’ law region. (To be continued)

For the largest particle and the biggest density, Example: hydraulic classification Solution (cont’d): For the largest particle and the biggest density, dA = 2.50  10-5 m and rsA = 7.5 g/cm3 = 7500 kg/m3 Check: = 0.0547 < 1  O.K. with the Stokes’ law region. (To be continued)

For particles of equal settling velocities, Example: hydraulic classification Solution (cont’d): For particles of equal settling velocities,   dA3 = 1.260  10-5 m The size range of pure A (galena) is: dA3 = 1.260  10-5 m to dA4 = 2.50  10-5 m (To be continued)

The size range of pure B (silica) is: Example: hydraulic classification Solution (cont’d):   dB2 = 1.033  10-5 m The size range of pure B (silica) is: dB1 = 5.21  10-6 m to dB2 = 1.033  10-5 m The mixed-fraction size range is: dA1 = 5.21  10-6 m to dA3 = 1.260  10-5 m dB2 = 1.033  10-5 m to dB4 = 2.50  10-5 m #

INCLINED SEDIMENTATION  Particle-free overflow exits the upper end, and particle-rich suspension leaves in the underflow.  Rapid removal of high density solids can be achieved.  The particles need to settle only a distance of order b (compared with a distance of order L in a vertical settler).

(2) Concentrate (batchwise) the particulate fraction. INCLINED SEDIMENTATION (2/2)  Applications: (1) Continuously (or batchwise) harvest supernatant from particle (cell)-laden broth. (2) Concentrate (batchwise) the particulate fraction. (3) Perform a binary particle classification by size.  Scaleup of inclined settlers: increasing the area for settling.

The End of SETTLING AND SEDIMENTATION