© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 6 Finding Information

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Supporting Your Speech with Research Aristotle, and other classical rhetoricians, termed the process of selecting information to illustrate or prove your points invention.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Getting Started Public speakers must be selective in choosing the right mix of supporting materials for their topics. Primary research is original or firsthand research conducted by you. Secondary research includes library and internet resources – information which is recorded by others

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Finding Materials Efficiently Begin with a purpose statement Establish a research strategy

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Misconceptions Misconception #1 Searching websites is faster and more efficient.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Misconceptions Misconception #2 For accurate information, websites are the best resource.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Major Resources Libraries Internet Field research

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Libraries

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Libraries Getting help from librarians

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Secondary Research Sources Books Newspapers Periodicals (Magazines) Academic Journals Government Publications Reference Works

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Using Books Not only are books available at your local library, you can also find some books online at sources like for a fee. Be prepared to read the book before you quote it in your speech; summaries or book reviews are not sufficient sources to include as supporting material in a speech.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Using Newspapers Newspapers are excellent sources for current events and narratives. Search online for newspaper articles through Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe News Service, InfoTrac Newspaper Collection, and ProQuest which should all be available through your campus virtual library. Many newspapers publish online versions of their current print copy. Use Google search to find your local newspaper.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Using Periodicals A periodical is a regularly published magazine or journal which is considered credible by most people. These are good sources for finding examples, stories, and statistics on many topics. Your campus virtual library most likely organizes periodicals by general topic: i.e. business, health, education, etc…

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Using Academic Journals Articles in academic journals, also called refereed journals, are written by experts in the field, contain many citations by experts, and are evaluated by other experts before they are published. ProQuest Research Library is an excellent database in which to find academic journals. Begin your search with your campus virtual library.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Reference Works Encyclopedia Almanacs & Fact Books Biography Index Books of Quotations Poetry Collections Atlases & Map Guides TIP: You will have to go to your local library to locate most reference works. Some reference works are available on-line, but you must pay careful attention to the quality and credibility of on- line reference works.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Libraries E-books

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Libraries Articles unavailable via Web searches

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Interlibrary Loan College A College B

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Internet

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Internet Web searches Search engines PRO: Often you find what you want quickly CON: Sometimes you get an overwhelming number of irrelevant “hits”

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Conducting Internet Research The internet has made it possible for a researcher to locate sources which previously would have been geographically inaccessible or would have taken a long time to receive. Begin your internet research using your campus library portal rather than a popular search engine. Research found from a library database is more likely to be credible than from an independent website.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Internet Information Sources World Wide Web Web discussion forums Blogs Listservs Newsgroups Real-time communication FTP, gopher, & telnet connections

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Be a Critical Consumer Search engines cannot determine the credibility or quality of the information. You must do this. When you read information on the internet, spend a few minutes thinking about how your audience will receive this source.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Evaluating Web Sources Determine the authorship and sponsorship of the website. What is the domain, or suffix at the end of the web address? Check for accuracy; when was the web page created or last updated? Is the website, or the quoted references contained on it, credible, reputable, or independent sources?

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Unethical Information Distinctions Information is data set in a context for relevance which becomes knowledge and generally considered a fact. Other types of data are not ethical: Propaganda Misinformation Disinformation

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Propaganda May be based on false information May be based in fact, but facts are used in a way to provoke a certain response in the audience

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Misinformation Refers to something that is not true Internet sources often contain stories, or urban legends, that are fabricated and passed along by people believing these stories to be true.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Disinformation Is the deliberate falsification of information Companies, or other organizations with personal interest in an issue or cause, may be likely to post disinformation on the internet. Some examples are: falsified profit-loss statements or an altered photograph.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Field Research

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Field Research Personal experience

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Field Research Investigation

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Field Research Surveys

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Field Research Interviews with experts

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Conducting Interviews An interview is a face-to- face communication with an expert for the purpose of gaining information. To conduct an interview, one must plan ahead, prepare questions, and structure the interview session with an introduction, body (seeking questions), and a conclusion.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Source Citation Details to Record Names of authors/editors Title of publication Volume, edition, or issue number Name of publisher Place of publication – city and state, or internet address Date and year of publication Page numbers of articles and pages on which the material appears

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Source Information to Record Direct quotations, paraphrases, specific ideas, or theories put forth by others in the source. The source of facts and statistics to be used. Bibliographic information for examples and stories. The source of testimony, as well as the date and context related to the testimony that was given. Any information you may choose to use in your visual aids, such as charts, data, photos, or models.