Respiratory System Chapter 19

I. Introduction The respiratory system consists of ________that _____________________ and ____________ it into the microscopic _________ where gases are __________.

The entire process of __________ _________ between the atmosphere and body cells is called ______________ and consists of the following:  ____________ (inhale and exhale)  ______________ – between the blood and the lungs  _______________ – in the bloodstream  _______________ – between the blood and the body cells  _______________ – at the cellular level

II. Organs of the Respiratory System Can be divided into two groups:  ___________________ ______, ________, ________, _________  __________________ ______, ________, _________, ________

Nose  2 nostrils serve as an ________ for air in which air is filtered by __________________ inside the nostrils Nasal Cavity  A space __________ to the nose  Lined with _________________________  ______ and _______ incoming air  Particles trapped in mucus are carried to _________, _________, and travel to the ________ where acid destroys any microorganism in the mucus

Sinuses  _____________ within the bones of the skull  Lined with ________.  Reduces ________ of the skull and serves as a _________________ to affect the quality of the _______ Pharynx  A common passageway for _____ and ______  Aids in producing sounds for _______

Larynx  An ____________ in the airway superior to the _________ and inferior to the ________  Helps to keep particles from entering the trachea  Houses the __________ The ______ pair are the ______vocal cords

Changing _________ on the vocal cords controls pitch, while increasing the loudness depends upon increasing the force of air vibrating the vocal cords  _________– opening between the vocal cords (closed when ____________)  __________ – Flap that allows air to travel to the trachea; closed during eating to prevent ___________ from entering the larynx

Trachea  Extends downward _________ to the ___________ and into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into _____________________________  The inner wall is lined with ________and a ___________ membrane to trap _______________ from entering  Supported by _______________, to prevent collapsing

Tracheostomy

Bronchial Tree  Consists of branched tubes leading from the trachea to the alveoli  Begins with: ______________, from trachea, and each bronchi leads to a lung Many ________________ lead from the 2 bronchi to alveoli ____________ (thin cells) are the sites of gas exchange between the blood and air cells Alveoli are surrounded by a network of ____________

Lungs  The right and left soft, spongy, cone-shaped lungs are enclosed by the ___________________________________  The ____________________ and large blood vessels enter each lung

III. Breathing Mechanism ___________ (breathing)  Movement of ______________ of the lungs _____________(inhaling)  ___________ pressure moves air into the lungs  When lung pressure __________, higher pressure air flows in from the outside  _____________ is in its lowest position to take in air

__________  _____________ (exhaling) is done by muscles that compress the abdomen against the __________  ____________ is in its highest position to force air ______ of the lungs

Clinical Application The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on the Respiratory System cilia disappear excess mucus produced lung congestion increases lung infections lining of bronchioles thicken bronchioles lose elasticity emphysema fifteen times more common lung cancer more common much damage repaired when smoking stops 19-41