Assessment of the Cardiovascular System p

Ways to Assess the Heart’s Condition Measuring Pulse and Blood Pressure Measuring Pulse and Blood Pressure Listening to Heart Sounds Listening to Heart Sounds Determining Cardiac Output Determining Cardiac Output Measuring Muscle activity with electrocardiography Measuring Muscle activity with electrocardiography Inserting a cardiac catheter Inserting a cardiac catheter Using echocardiography Using echocardiography

Pulse Defined: blood surge against wall Defined: blood surge against wall Found in arteries close to the skin Found in arteries close to the skin Most common is radial Most common is radial Healthy range = bpm Healthy range = bpm

Blood Pressure Systolic = contraction of the ventricles Systolic = contraction of the ventricles Diastolic = ventricle relaxation Diastolic = ventricle relaxation Normal BP= 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) Normal BP= 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) –Healthy systolic is less than 140 and greater than 90 –Healthy diastolic should be less than 100

Heart Sounds Lubb Sound Lubb Sound –Heard first –Mitral and tricuspid valves closing between the atria and ventricles Dupp Sound Dupp Sound –Heard second –Shorter and higher pitched –Closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves as blood is pumped out of the heart Murmurs Murmurs –Abnormal or extra sounds Littmann/stethoscope/littmann-learning- institute/heart-lung-sounds/ Littmann/stethoscope/littmann-learning- institute/heart-lung-sounds/

Cardiac Output Heart controls heart rate Heart controls heart rate –Heart rate = rate at which blood circulates to the tissues Blood that is in ventricles is pumped through arteries with each contraction Blood that is in ventricles is pumped through arteries with each contraction Cardiac output= stroke volume ml/beat X HR beats/min. Cardiac output= stroke volume ml/beat X HR beats/min. –Normal cardiac output = 4-8 L / min. –Can affect the BP –Too high or too low = indication of a cardiovascular system disorder

Picture of non- invasive cardiac output measurement technique. Picture of non- invasive cardiac output measurement technique.

Electrocardiogram (EKG) Defined: record of the electrical activity of the myocardium Defined: record of the electrical activity of the myocardium Electrodes attach to body and measure electrical changes Electrodes attach to body and measure electrical changes Each part of the EKG pattern indicates specific electrical activity Each part of the EKG pattern indicates specific electrical activity

Echocardiography (ECG) Defined: an ultrasonic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart Defined: an ultrasonic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart Using ultrasonic waves Using ultrasonic waves Echoes Echoes Used to detect mitral valve defects and atrial tumors Used to detect mitral valve defects and atrial tumors

Cardiac Catheterization p. 804 Defined: placement of catheter through a vein or artery and into the heart Defined: placement of catheter through a vein or artery and into the heart Dye is released and traced using an x-ray Dye is released and traced using an x-ray Used for: Used for: –Measuring pressure in the chambers –Taking blood samples –View obstruction in the vessels