Revolutionary Chaos Communist China China IV Revolutionary Chaos Communist China

The Nationalist-Communist Alliance 1921: Chinese Communist Party (CCP) forms Nationalists and Communists worked together to oppose local warlords 1928: Chiang Kai-Shek succeeds Sun Yat-sen Shanghai Massacre: alliance ends when Nationalists kill thousands of Communists Nationalists work to reunify China

Communists in Hiding Mao Zedong led the Communist Party into hiding Believed peasants would successfully lead a revolution Guerrilla tactics: Mao used unexpected methods such as sabotage and deception to fight Nationalists

The Long March 1934: Nationalist troops surround Communist base Mao and the People’s Liberation Army escape to last Communist stronghold in Northern China Of the 90,000 who began the journey, only 9,000 survived

Two Chinas of the 1930s Supported Chiang Kai Shek Westernized Wore European clothes Movies, Radio Jobs Industrial Growth Supported Mao Zedong Drained by warfare and civil strife 80% poor and illiterate Simple housing lacking modern conveniences Relied on pack animals Little benefit from government modernization Urban Chinese Rural Chinese

Limited Progress Chiang Kai-shek had some success Railroad system, highways, new factories, national bank, improved education Foreign powers ended leases Government was very repressive All opposition censored

Civil War 1945 Nationalists vs. Communists 1949: With support of the peasants, Mao Zedong and the Communist Party are victorious Lands are take away from wealthy landlords and given to poor peasants Collective farms

The Great Leap Forward 1958 700,000 collective farms are combined into 26,000 communes Each commune would work together Effort to create a classless society Economic disaster Poor weather/droughts Peasants hated new system 15 million died from starvation 1960: Communes broken up by government

The Cultural Revolution Need for an atmosphere of constant revolutionary fervor Red Guards: revolutionary groups who set out to destroy old customs and attack individuals who deviated from Mao’s plan Root out capitalists Created fear

China after Mao 1976: Deng Xiaoping seizes power after Mao Zedong dies Four Modernizations: Industry (expand) Agriculture (modernize) Technology (development) National defense (upgrading)

Democratic movement (1980s) Some wanted China to move toward a democratic system Many jailed Students who studied abroad wanted change that resembled the west Began asking for change Rising inflation led to growing discontent Corruption among Chinese officials

Tiananmen Square 1989 Protesters gathered in the square to demand change Military arrives and between 500 to 2,000 protesters killed

Tiananmen Square

Life in China Classless society…importance of work and education One-child-per-family policy Education benefits Child care Housing Women are independent today Alphabet simplified to 2,000 characters from 3,000

Relationship with the World Korean War: Attacked UN forces Relationship with USSR deteriorated Richard Nixon visits China in 1972 1997- reacquired Hong Kong from Great Britain…center of trade and manufacturing Japan- strained relationship in past, trade today Taiwan- economic success has caused it to desire independence (support from U.S.) 2001: China joins World Trade Organization 2002: Normalized trade relations with the United States

Tibet In past, has remained independent and led by Buddhist spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama In 1950, Chinese government invades Many Tibetans claim abuse and genocide, denied by Chinese government In 1959, the Dalai Lama is forced into exile in India where he remains today

Tibet 14 Dalai Lama Tibetan Monks Potala Palace

Beijing

Tianjin

Shanghai

Hong Kong