Meeting Nutritional Needs of Animals

Interest Approach Have corn, soybean meal, and hay in class. Ask students to list similarities/differences between three types of feed. List similarities and differences on board.

Student Learning Objectives Explain functions of feed. Identify various feed types and their characteristics. Explain how animals are fed.

What are Nutrients? Parts of feed which provide for body functions Carbohydrates (CHO) Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water

What foods give energy? Carbohydrates (starch & cellulose) & Fats Fat = 2 1/2 times energy of CHO Energy is major part of a feed ration Up to 90% of a ration for a steer Measured in Kilocalories or TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)

What are Proteins? Made of amino acids Ruminants can make some proteins Simple Stomachs need specific amino acids Used to build muscle, body tissue

What are Minerals? Natural elements which regulate certain body functions Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn, Mo, Se, I, Co Most are trace minerals

What are vitamins? Compounds responsible for certain functions Fat Soluble = A, D, E, K Water Soluble = B, C

Terms Animal Proteins Basal Maintenance Requirement Concentrates Feed Feedstuff Fetus Forages Free Access Gestation Growth High-Energy Concentrates High-Protein Concentrates Lactation Legume

Terms Maintenance Nodules Nonlegume Roughages Palatability Roughages Scheduled Feeding Supplement Tankage Vegetable Proteins

Functions of feeds: Maintenance: keeping body constant. – An alive animal requires energy. – Basal maintenance requirement.

Maintenance Diet Continued: Mainly carbohydrates + fats. Small amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins. About 50 % of diet is for maintenance. CarbohydratesFats

Functions of feeds: Growth Increase in muscles, bones, internal organs, and other parts – Requires mostly energy. – Very high carbohydrates and fats

Functions of feeds: Reproduction Most reproductive failures are due to poor nutrition in female.

Reproduction Continue: o Typically includes more protein, minerals, and vitamins. o Mainly last 3 months of gestation - fetus grows most o Poor nutrition also affects males: lower sperm production+fertility rates

Functions of feeds: Lactation Even higher levels of protein, calcium, and phosphorus than reproduction.

Functions of feeds: Work – draft animals, racehorses, hunting dogs….. – Increased carbohydrates and fats.

Feedstuff -ingredient used in making animal feed

Roughages – feeds containing >18 percent CF when dry. – Mainly leaves and stems – AKA forages

Two Groups of Forages Legume: plant that can take nitrogen from air. – Specialized root parts…nodules, contain bacteria that aid in process. – Clovers, alfalfa, soybeans, trefoil, lespedeza, peas, beans

Two Groups of Forages Nonlegume: cannot use nitrogen from air – Usually lower in protein than legumes – Examples: corn silage, fodders, bluegrass, timothy, redtop, bromegrass, orchard grass, fescue, and prairie grasses.

Feeds can be placed into three basic categories: Concentrates - Contain <18 percent CF when dry – Usually high in energy – Higher producing animals need nutrients from concentrates.

Concentrates High-energy concentrates: contain < 20 percent CP – corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye,oats

Concentrates High-protein concentrates: contain >20 percent protein – SBM, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal

Feeds can be placed into three basic categories: Supplements -feed material high in specific nutrient. Provide flavor, color, or texture to increase palatability or effectiveness. Palatability: ease of consumption Salt, Mineral, molasses, vitamins, protein others

Supplement Animal proteins -Supplements coming from animals or animal by-products. – tankage, meat scraps, meat and bone meal, fish meal, and blood meal. – Tankage: animal tissues/bones from animal processing facilities and rendering plants that are cooked, dried, and ground – What is current law???

Supplement Vegetable Proteins - Protein supplements from plants – SBOM, peanut oil meal, corn gluten feed.

Three Categories Roughages/Forages – Leguminous – Non leguminous Concentrates – High energy – High protein Supplements

What are some ways to feed animals? Two basic methods: – free access / free choice / ad libitum – scheduled feeding

Free Access / Free Choice – Feed is available at all times

Free Access Method good for some species with some feedstuffs but not others. – Can feed swine concentrates free access because they will not overeat. – Cattle should not be fed concentrates free access..they may overeat and possibly founder and die

Scheduled Feeding Feed at certain times of day – Feeding times and regularity based on needs of animal or management practice

Review / Summary What are the functions of feed? What are the various feed types? What are some ways to feed animals?

How is a ration balanced? Pearson square: balance a ration using any two ingredients for one nutrient i.e. protein How much Soybean Meal (44% Protein) should be mixed with Barley (13% Protein) to get a mixture that is 16% protein?

Pearson Square

Soybean Meal = 3 parts Barley = 28 parts Total Parts = 31 Soybean Meal = 3/31 or 10% Barley = 28/31 or 90% If mixing a ton (2000#) SBM = 200#, Barley = 1800#