Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data Section 1.1 Using Data to Answer Statistical Questions

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 3 The information we gather with experiments and surveys is collectively called data Example: Experiment on low carbohydrate diet  Data could be measurements on subjects before and after the experiment Example: Survey on effectiveness of a TV ad  Data could be percentage of people who went to Starbucks since the ad aired Data and Examples of Collecting Data

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Statistics is the art and science of:  Designing studies  Analyzing the data produced by these studies  Translating data into knowledge and understanding of the world around us Define Statistics

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 5 The three main components of statistics for answering a statistical question:  Design: Planning how to obtain data  Description: Summarizing the data obtained  Inference: Making decisions and predictions Reasons for Using Statistical Methods

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Design questions:  How to conduct the experiment, or  How to select people for the survey to ensure trustworthy results Examples:  Planning the methods for data collection to study the effects of Vitamin C.  For a marketing study, how do you select people for your survey so you’ll get data that provide accurate predictions about future sales? Design

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Description:  Summarize the raw data and present it in a useful format (e.g., average, charts or graphs) Examples:  It is more informative to use a few numbers or a graph to summarize the data, such as an average amount of TV watched, or  a graph displaying how number of hours of TV watched per day relates to number of hours per week exercising. Description

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Inference: Make decisions or predictions based on the data. Examples:  Has there been global warming over the past decade?  Is having the death penalty as a possible punishment associated with a reduction in violent crime?  Does student performance in school depend on the amount of money spent per student, the size of the classes, or the teachers’ salaries? Inference

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data Section 1.2 Sample Versus Population

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Subjects  The entities that we measure in a study.  Subjects could be individuals, schools, rats, countries, days, or widgets. We Observe Samples but are Interested in Populations

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Population: All subjects of interest Sample: Subset of the population for whom we have data Population and Sample Population Sample

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 12 The purpose was to predict the outcome of the 2010 gubernatorial election in California. An exit poll sampled 3889 of the 9.5 million people who voted. Define the sample and the population for this exit poll.  The population was the 9.5 million people who voted in the election.  The sample was the 3889 voters who were interviewed in the exit poll. Example: An Exit Poll

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Descriptive Statistics refers to methods for summarizing the collected data. Summaries consist of graphs and numbers such as averages and percentages. Inferential statistics refers to methods of making decisions or predictions about a population based on data obtained from a sample of that population. Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Descriptive Statistics Example Figure 1.1 Types of U.S. Households, Based on a Sample of 50,000 Households in the 2005 Current Population Survey.

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Suppose we’d like to know what people think about controls over the sales of handguns. We can study results from a recent poll of 834 Florida residents.  In that poll, 54.0% of the sampled subjects said they favored controls over the sales of handguns.  We are 95% confident that the percentage of all adult Floridians favoring control over sales of handguns falls between 50.6% and 57.4%. Inferential Statistics Example

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 16 A parameter is a numerical summary of the population. Example: Proportion of all teenagers in the United States who have smoked in the last month. A statistic is a numerical summary of a sample taken from the population. Example: Proportion of teenagers who have smoked in the last month out of a sample of 200 randomly selected teenagers in the United States. Sample Statistics and Population Parameters

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Random sampling allows us to make powerful inferences about populations. Randomness is also crucial to performing experiments well. Randomness and Variability

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Measurements may vary from person to person, and just as people vary, so do samples vary. Measurements may vary from sample to sample. Predictions will therefore be more accurate for larger samples. Randomness and Variability

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Statistics: The Art and Science of Learning from Data Section 1.3 Using Calculators and Computers

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Using (and Misusing) Statistics Software and Calculators  MINITAB and SPSS are two popular statistical software packages on college campuses. The TI-83 + and TI-84 graphing calculators, which have similar output, are useful as portable tools for generating simple statistics and graphs. Using Technology  The problem is that a computer will perform the statistical analysis you request whether or not its use is valid for the given situation. You, not technology, must select valid analyses. Using Calculators and Computers

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 21 Data files  Large sets of data are typically organized in a spreadsheet format known as a data file.  Each row contains measurements for a particular subject.  Each column contains measurements for a particular characteristic. Databases  An existing archive collection of data files.  Not all databases give reliable information. Before you give credence to such data, verify that the data are from a trustworthy source. Using Calculators and Computers

Copyright © 2013, 2009, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Applets  A short application program for performing a specific task.  Useful for performing activities that illustrate the ideas of statistics.  This is a type of simulation – using a computer to mimic what would actually happen if you elected a sample and used statistics in real life. Using Calculators and Computers