Chapter 5

Section 5-1

1.List 3 plants or animals. 2.For each, state what eats them. 3.List 1 plant that eats animals. Be creative and think about plants and animals on other continents.

Photosynthesis = process of using sunlight to make sugar molecules (carbohydrates); occurs in chloroplast (chlorophyll) Plants, algae and some bacteria (producers) Carbohydrates are highly energy rich and allow organisms to carry out daily functions 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + solar energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Plants are eaten and some of energy transferred to consumers Producer = an organism that makes its own food (aka autotroph) Consumer = an organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms (aka heterotroph)

Deep-ocean bacteria use H 2 S (hydrogen sulfide) to produce own food H 2 S present in hot H 2 O that escapes from cracks in ocean floor Bacteria consumed by other organisms

Energy Source Examples Producer Makes its own food through Ps or chemical sources Grasses, ferns, cactuses, flowering plants, trees, algae, and some bacteria Consumer Gets energy by eating producers or consumers Mice, starfish, elephants, turtles, humans, and ants

Energy SourceExamples herbivore ProducersCows, sheep, deer, and grasshoppers carnivore Other consumersLions, hawks, snakes, spiders, sharks, alligators, and whales omnivore Both producers and consumers Bears, pigs, gorillas, rats, raccoons, cockroaches, some insects, and humans decomposer Breaks down dead organisms in an ecosystem and returns nutrients to soil, water, and air Fungi and bacteria

A Meal Fit for a Grizzly Bear Grizzly bears are omnivores that can eat up to 15% of their body weight per day when eating salmon and up to 33% of their body weight when eating fruits and other vegetation. How many pounds of salmon can a 200 lb grizzly bear eat in one day? How many pounds of fruits and other vegetation can the same bear eat in one day?

In pairs, draw a picture of an imaginary ecosystem. Include organisms that are producers and consumers as defined in the previous tables. The types of consumers and producers should be clearly labeled. Each pair will present their ecosystem to the class tomorrow.

Cellular respiration = the process of breaking down food to yield energy Occurs inside the cells of most organisms (mitochondrion) Cells absorb O 2 and use it to release energy from food C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP)

Daily activities Making body tissues and fight diseases Excess energy stored as fat or sugar ALL organisms use cellular respiration to get energy from food (including autotrophs)

Read Case Study: DDT in an Aquatic Food Chain (p. 120). Answer #1-2. Presentation of debate information. Debate will take place:

DDT is not the only compound subject to biomagnification. Research 3 other substances that can accumulate in food webs. Include the websites on which you found your information. Examples (you may use 2): PCBs, strontium-90, and mercury.

Food chain = a sequence in which energy is transferred from one organism to the next as each organism eats another organism Food chain is one strand within a food web Food web = shows many feeding relationships that are possible in an ecosystem

Using the magazines (and your drawings) create a food web for an imaginary ecosystem. Give your organisms names and be sure to include the arrows to show energy flow. Pairs or groups

Trophic level = each step in the transfer of energy through a food chain or food web in an ecosystem Each time energy is transferred from one organism to the next, some energy is lost as heat and less energy is available to other organisms at the next trophic level 10% of energy is transferred from one level to next

Bottom layer has more energy than top layers. Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers

Decreased energy at each trophic level affects organization of ecosystem Fewer organisms at higher trophic levels Energy loss from trophic level to trophic level limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem (rarely more than 4 or 5)

Section 5-2

List 3 products you recycle Where did those products come from (don’t say the store)? What will the products be used for after they are recycled?

The process by which carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisms P. 124 fig 10 Carbon released during: photosynthesis cellular respiration respiration

As carbonate, compose: Bones Shells Deposits become limestone rock formations Converted to: Fats Oils Released into soil or air after death to form fossil fuels

Release excess carbon dioxide Burning of fossil fuels Natural burning of wood/forest fires 6 billion metric tons Over ½ remains in atmosphere Global warming CO2 not absorbed by atmosphere goes: Dissolves in oceans Absorbed by plants

Process in which nitrogen is cycled between the atmosphere, bacteria, and other organisms Build proteins and new cells Atmospheric nitrogen has to be fixed before most organisms can use it Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

The movement of phosphorus from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment Erosion of rocks Soil Organism waste and decomposition Runoff Present in teeth and bone

Fertilizers added to promote growth of plants Excess runs off into water and causes algal blooms Depletes oxygen in ecosystem and causes death of aquatic organisms Fuel burning releases nitric oxide into air; acid precipitation

Section 5-3

A gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in a community 100s or 1000s of years New communities make it difficult for older communities to survive

A type of succession that occurs on a surface where no ecosystem existed before Rocks, cliffs, and sand dunes

Occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed More common Disturbed or disrupted by humans, animals, or by natural processes Storms Floods Earthquakes volcanoes

First organisms to colonize any newly available area and begin the process of ecological succession Make the area habitable for other species Ex: lichens

A final and stable community that may remain the same if left undisturbed

Natural fires (lightning) are necessary in some communities Jack pine can only release seeds after exposure to intense heat Clear deadwood and brush accumulation that may cause a fire to burn out of control Some animals only feed on new vegetation sprouted after fire

Read p Answer #1-2 Design a campaign showing pros and cons of the National Park Service’s fire policy.

Another type of secondary succession Abandoned farmland Activity: Musical Succession

You will be given 50 index cards. Illustrate succession in an ecosystem of your choice. The cards should show gradual changes in the same area over time. Clip the cards together and flip through them rapidly. Your succession should now be animated.