Geographic Field Tools to Support Project Preparation and Implemtation Christopher R. Bennett EASTR

GIS Concepts

3 What is GIS? A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system including software, hardware, people, and geographic information Different flavors:  Viewers (eg Google Earth) to view data  Full GIS: create, edit, query, analyze, and view data

4 Viewers / Readers/ Web Browsers Mobile GIS Desktop GIS Geo-database Network GIS Software Options Custom Applications GPS GIS Servers Authoring Data Management / Geoprocessing

5 The possibilities are unlimited…  Safeguards identification  Disease Tracking  Precision Agriculture  Land Titling and Registration  Land Use Planning  Facilities Management  Emergency Response  Transportation Analysis  Fisheries Monitoring  Mining  and more... How can geographic tools be used?

6 Who needs access to coordinated geoinformation? A few examples from the Environment Sector:  Land reclamation  Watershed management  Biodiversity conservation  Air pollution monitoring  Climate change modeling  Selecting protected areas  Ecotourism  Forest monitoring

7 How does a GIS work? GIS data has a geo-spatial/geographic reference This is a unique reference that describes a feature on the earth using:  a latitude & longitude  a national coordinate system  an address  an administrative unit  a wetland identifier  a road name

8 A GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that can be linked together by geography Polygon 3 Scrub17 Very high Clay Basically: GIS = Geography and Databases

9 Trends in Global SW Revenue (1999=100) Sources: Software & Information Industry Association; Daraquest Global SW Global GIS SW Global Public Sector GIS SW

10 Spatial Analysis & Modeling Analyzing Relationships, Patterns, Processes…... Helping Understand Complex Situations...and Make Decisions! Interpreting Situations...

11 Deaths From Waterborne Disease* * World Bank Study, 2003

12 Modeling of Dengue Transmission Image from Dr. Dana A. Focks

13 Understanding populations at risk

14 Access to Healthcare

15 35 inches 31 inches Tropical Storm Allison Storm Total Texas Gulf Coast June 5-9, 2001 Hydrological Modeling Spatial Variability of Rainfall Grady County Oklahoma October , 2000

16 3D Visualization New Context for GeoInformation

17 GIS Analysis – Voting Patterns

18 GIS Analysis – School Mapping

Introduction to Spatial Data

20 Spatial Referencing Any location can be expressed as the latitude and longitude A unique and permanent way of identifying location

21 Types of Data Vector  Points, lines (two or more points) and polygons (multiple lines)  Each point is represented by (x,y) co- ordinates corresponding to latitude and longitude Raster  Usually images

22 Raster Vector Real World Data Representation

23 Ways of Collecting Data GPS Surveys  Data collected using Global Positioning System (GPS)  GPS uses satellites and triangulation to get the location Digitizing  Existing maps are converted to digital Aerial Photos and Satellites

24 Principles of GPS Measurement Run by US Department of Defense 24 satellites at 20,200 km altitude Normally 5 satellites can be viewed anywhere in the earth Satellite sends a radio timing signal Time measurements used to establish distance from satellite

25 GPS Locations By observing a minimum of 4 satellites (3 position; 1 for time) location can be established More satellites in view gives better accuracy

26 GPS Accuracy Depends on  The number of satellites in view  The equipment Typical consumer equipment +/- 8 – 10m with 95% confidence Survey grade instruments +/- 2 m or better Accuracy improved by:  Differential correction  Signal from GPS base station or similar

27 DGPS ground station DGPS mobile receiving station GPS satellites Correction signal Space segment Control segment User segment

28 Example of GPS Accuracy Uncorrected: +/- 1.2 – 6.3 m; Corrected: +/- 1.1 – 1.6 m

29 Example of GPS Accuracy - Apia

GPS - limitations Building and trees may interfere with signals Achieving higher accuracy is more complex Differential GPS signal is often unavailable and DGPS is expensive BUT for most applications standard accuracies (+/- 10 m or better) is more than adequate

Options for Collecting GPS Data

32 Available Equipment Range of different types of GPS equipment available Project field tested different equipment  Handheld GPS receiver  Personal digital assistant  GPS enabled camera All were found to be suitable for use

33 Data Needs GPS data  Point data: data at a single location (x,y)  Continuous data: set of (x,y) data representing a line (eg road) Most preparation and supervision projects need point data Spatially referenced digital photographs valuable

34 Data Definitions AreaIssue Safeguards – Environment (SE) Air Pollution Dust Pollution Noise Pollution Property/Land Damage Water Pollution Other Safeguards – Resettlement (SR) Compensation Level Completion of House Demolition Completion of Land Acquisition Property Replacement Other Engineering (E) Construction Quality Design Issue Safety Issue Other Inventory (I) Clinic/Hospital Casting Yard Construction Camp Materials Storage School Other Important to ensure consistency when defining what data collected Identified simple codes for range of issues

35 Handheld GPS Receivers Many different types available Consumer models cost < $200 Project use Garmin e-Trex  Garmin most widely supported by 3 rd party software  Can store about 10,000 points  12 channels so gives good accuracy

36 Using GPS in household surveys

37 Garmin Findings Robust unit with good battery life (17 h for 2 x AA batteries) Very simple to use in the field  For continuous data travel to site and turn on  Useful to have windscreen mount for unit Not easy to enter point data description

38 Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) Tested Windows based PDA with CF- Card GPS Data Collected with:  Custom software  Data Logging  GPS2Googe Earth

39 PDA - Pocket PC Creations Software designed for rapid development Data ported to access Good for proof-of- concept Several problems:  Was not able to collect continuous data  Difficult to install  Expensive to deploy

40 PDA - GPS Data Logging Many applications store GPS data Simple to use:  Turn on GPS  Software logs data Only disadvantage was inability to store point data

41 PDA - GPS2Google Earth Low cost (<$20) Simple application to record point and continuous data and export GE files Simple to use and with some refinements ideal for Bank data collection

42 Digital Photographs and GPS Digital photos (.JPG files) can have spatial co-ordinates added to header When read into GIS/GE image correctly postioned. Two options  Link digital photos to GPS log data  GPS enabled camera

43 Digital Photos – Linking To GPS Time of photo matched to GPS log data Used Robogeo (v 3) ($50) software After GPS data matched created GE file

44 Robogeo Matching

45 Digital Photos – GPS Camera Camera with embedded GPS records spatial data along with photo Very easy to use Project tested Ricoh Pro-G3

46 Memo Fields Can enter data to be associated with the image using memos These data are stored in the header file and can be viewed with the image

47 Creating Memo Fields Easy to create memo fields  Project ID;  Issue; and,  User Name. Software creates a formatted text file which resides on the camera’s memory card

48 Camera Operation Simple to operate Camera indicates when GPS satellites are locked

49 Output

50 Comparison of 3 Devices Recorded data in same location with Handheld GPS, PDA and GPS Camera Excellent agreement

51 Conclusions Handheld GPS units such as Garmin useful for continuous data collection or paper based recording Ricoh GPS enabled camera an ideal point data collection tool  Simple to use  Has software for processing data Digital camera and handheld good alternative, but requires more tech. skills PDAs can be useful, but less cost- effective than other options

52 For More Details Download the report ‘Using Google Earth on World Bank Projects’ from

Satellite Imagery

54 Imagery Resolution Examples 30M15M20M10M2M1M 30m Landsat data Fused (pan-sharpened) with 15m Landsat data Washington DC (Tidal Basin and Jefferson Memorial) shown with Landsat, SPOT, EROS 1A and IKONOS data Orthorectified imagery overlaid on Digital Elevation Models 15m 30m

55 Imagery Resolutions Landsat 7 multispectral 30 m Landsat 7 panchromatic 15 m EROS panchromatic 2 m IKONOS panchromatic 1 m SPOT multispectral 20 m SPOT panchromatic 10 m

56 Panchromatic Imagery Landsat 7 15 m EROS 2 m IKONOS 1 m SPOT 10 m IRS 5 m

57 Medium Resolution Imagery Landsat pan (15 m) IRS pan (5 m)

58 High Resolution Imagery EROS pan (2 m)IRS pan (5 m)IKONOS pan (1 m)

59 EROS vs. IKONOS Space Imaging’s IKONOS 1 meter ISI’s EROS 1A 2 meter

60 Landsat vs. IKONOS Landsat multispectral (30 m)IKONOS panchromatic (1 m)

61 Landsat vs. SPOT Landsat multispectral (30 m) SPOT multispectral (10 m)

62 IKONOS Imagery prior to February 2005

63 QuickBird Imagery prior to February 2005

64 P115 R37 Landsat TM (4,5,3) 21 May 1990P115 R37 Landsat TM (4,5,3) 06 Apr Land Cover2000 Land Cover Landcover Updating Cheju Island South Korea Cross Correlation Analysis ChangeLand Cover in areas of Change

65 Wuhan China Landcover Change Landcover Legend Urbanization change 1989 to 2000 (red). Forest, Deciduous Forest, Evergreen Grassland Barren/Slightly Veg Urban/Built Up Wetlands Agriculture, Dry Agriculture, Irrigated Agriculture, Flooded Water Ice/Snow Clouds/Shadows 7 km 17 km 0 25 km Wuhan 1989 (Landsat Thematic Mapper) Wuhan 2000 (Landsat Thematic Mapper) Wuhan 1989 Landcover Wuhan 2000 Landcover

66 Change South of Banda Aceh Indonesia Landsat Image Path 131 Row 057 Acquired: 12 June 2001

67 Change South of Banda Aceh Indonesia Landsat Image Path 131 Row 057 Acquired: 15 Feb 2005, 14 Jan 2005

68 Pakistan Earthquake Courtesy: NASA, IKONOS imagery copyright GeoEye September 15, 2002 October 9, 2005

69 Civil/Commercial Imaging Satellites ,120 to 25, x , 2.44QuickBird – ,088 to 1,920648x81, 4OrbView* ,210 to 14,03649 – 12111x111, 4IKONOS* – , x121.8 (1)EROS1A ,450 to 5,6003,60060x602.5, 5, 10SPOT ,500 to 3,30019,600140x14020 IRS (LISS) ,500 to 3,3004,90070x705 IRS (PAN) 10, 20 30, , 30, 60 1,000 GSD (m) to 3,4003,60060x60SPOT to 60031,450170x185Landsat to 4,40031,450170x185Landsat 5 Free Free - 504,194, x2048AVHRR $ / km 2 Scene Price ($) Area (km 2 ) Scene Size (km) Sensor * Space Imaging was purchased by ORBIMAGE, they now operate the IKONOS and OrbView satellite as GeoEye

Introduction to Google Earth

71 What is Google Earth A ‘Virtual Globe’ Interactive 3D mapping software capable of displaying any geography-related data Uses broadband streaming technology and 3D graphics to let users interactively explore the entire world Users can place placemarks, tilt and rotate views, make annotations, etc Free version does what most people need

72 3D buildings in some major cities 3D terrain showing mountains, valleys, and canyons around the world Fast, dynamic navigation Tilt, rotate, and activate 3D terrain and buildings for a different perspective on a location Easy creation and sharing of annotations among users using KML (Keyhole Mapping Language) Features

73 3D Buildings (Washington)

74 Grand Canyon

75 Wuhan China (15,000 ft)Beijing China (4,500 ft) Example of Different Resolutions

76 Google Earth Google Earth Plus Google Earth Pro Free version for home/person al use Paid version for home/personal use Paid version for commercial use PriceFree$20*$400* Imagery DatabasePrimary Fly from space to anywhere on the planet Search for schools, parks, restaurants, and hotels Get driving directions Tilt and rotate the view in 3D Printing images1000 pixels1400 pixels2400 pixels Drawing tools GPS device data import (read only)** Spreadsheet data import 100 points2500 points Supportwebsite onlywebsite, website, , phone GIS Import Google Earth Products

77 How does Google Earth work Google Earth Client Software Google Earth Server Retrieves satellite imagery Local Data In KML format

78 Google Earth Opening Screen

79 Google Earth Controls

80 Shiman Highway Project – 1

81 Shiman Highway Project - 2

82 Shiman Highway Project - 3

83 Cambodia GIS Import

84 Thailand GPS Image

85 Satellite Image Imported to GE

86 No Google Earth presents data  Greatest strength data for entire world GIS allows for detailed analyses of data  Google Earth only allows simple measurements Will GE replace GIS

87 Google Earth Summary Low-cost, scalable publishing platform Has base data for entire world Excellent for integrating spatial data and visualization

88 EAP GIS Data Select My Computer Select Tools|Map Network Drive In the pop-up window, select the letter "S" under "drive:" Under "Folder", type in: "\\eastrshare1\share" and press Enter When asked for a password, type in: "simple123".

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