מבוא לבקרה ד"ר משה דקלו מפגש מספר 4 אוגוסט 2010 חיישנים, מתמרים ומפעילים.

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Presentation transcript:

מבוא לבקרה ד"ר משה דקלו מפגש מספר 4 אוגוסט 2010 חיישנים, מתמרים ומפעילים

4.1 מטרת המפגש ללמוד על תכונות חיישנים ללמוד על סוגי חיישנים להכיר בגדלים פיסיקליים אותם ניתן לחוש ללמוד על מגוון חיישנים ושיטות חישה לנתח אופי של חיישנים

4.2 סטנדרט ההישג הלימודי 1.להכיר סוגי חיישנים: 1.חישני טמפרטורה 2.חיישני אור 3.חיישני קירבה 4.חיישני תזוזה 5.חיישנים השראתיים וקיבוליים 6.חיישנים לחץ 2.להבחין בין חיישנים מכניים לחשמליים 3.למצוא ערך בדפי יצרן של חיישן נתון לערכים דרשים resistive inductive capacitive piezoelectric photo resistive elastic thermal.

4.3 הגדרות Sensors and actuators are examples of transducers A transducer is a device that converts one physical quantity into another חיישנים (sensors) או מתמרים (Transducers) או מפעילים (Actuators) הם רכיבי מערכות בקרה, המאפשרים את קיומו של מעגל בקרה הכולל ערך מצוי מרכיב השוואה, רכיב משוב ורכיב הפעלה. מתמר גודל פיסיקלי גודל פיסיקלי

Describing Sensor Performance 4.4 ביצועי חיישנים  Range טווח ערכי מינימום ומקסימום –maximum and minimum values that can be measured  Resolution or discrimination  הדירות או הפרדה בין ערך לערך נמדד –smallest discernible change in the measured value  Error טעות מדידה –difference between the measured and actual values  random errors  systematic errors  Accuracy, inaccuracy, uncertainty  הטעות הנצפית הגבוהה ביותר –accuracy is a measure of the maximum expected error

Precision4.5 דיוק מידת השגיאה האקראית של מדידות

4.6 לינאריות ורגישות  Linearity –maximum deviation from a ‘straight-line’ response –normally expressed as a percentage of the full-scale value  Sensitivity –a measure of the change produced at the output for a given change in the quantity being measured לינארי אופיין לינארי של חיישן לינאריות, הוא מאפיין הקובע עד כמה החיישן שומר על שינוי יחסי קבוע באות המוצא בהקבלה לשינוי המסופק במבוא. רגישות רגישות של חיישן היא תכונה הקובעת את שיפוע התגובה, עד כמה השינוי במוצא גדול בהקבלה לשינוי במבוא.

Temperature sensors 4.7 חיישני טמפרטורה  Resistive thermometers –typical devices use platinum wire (such a device is called a platinum resistance thermometers or PRT) A typical PRT element A sheathed PRT אופיין לינארי ודיוק נמוך מד טמפרטורה או מד חום

4.8 טרמיסטורים Thermistors use materials with a high thermal coefficient of resistance sensitive but highly non-linear A typical disc thermistor A threaded thermistor טרמיסטורים הם רכיבים אשר משנים את התנגדותם או מוליכותם בהתאם לטמפרטורת הסביבה שלהם. רכיבים אלה בעלי אופיין תמסורת משתנה מרכיב לרכיב. כל רכיב תכונותיו מבוססות על סוג המתכת המצוייה בתוך הרכיב. הרכיב מתנהג במעגל החשמלי כנגד עם התנגדות משתנה

4.9 רכיבי חישה מבוססי צומת PN  pn junctions –a semiconductor device with the properties of a diode (we will consider semiconductors and diodes later) –inexpensive, linear and easy to use –limited temperature range (perhaps -50  C to 150  C) due to nature of semiconductor material pn-junction sensor

Light Sensors 4.10 חיישני אור  Photovoltaic –light falling on a pn-junction can be used to generate electricity from light energy (as in a solar cell) –small devices used as sensors are called photodiodes –fast acting, but the voltage produced is not linearly related to light intensity A typical photodiode

4.11 מוליכות תלויית אור  Photoconductive –such devices do not produce electricity, but simply change their resistance –photodiode (as described earlier) can be used in this way to produce a linear device –phototransistors act like photodiodes but with greater sensitivity –light-dependent resistors (LDRs) are slow, but respond like the human eye A light-dependent resistor (LDR)

4.12 תא פוטו וולטאי תא פוטו וולטאי הוא תא עשוי מצמתי סיליקון אשר יוצרים הפרש פוטנציאלים כאשר מוקרן עליהם אור מהשמש או אור חיצוני

Force Sensors מד מעוות 4.13  Strain gauge –stretching in one direction increases the resistance of the device, while stretching in the other direction has little effect –can be bonded to a surface to measure strain –used within load cells and pressure sensors A strain gauge Direction of sensitivity

Displacement Sensors  Potentiometers –resistive potentiometers are one of the most widely used forms of position sensor –can be angular or linear –consists of a length of resistive material with a sliding contact onto the resistive track –when used as a position transducer a potential is placed across the two end terminals, the voltage on the sliding contact is then proportional to its position –an inexpensive and easy to use sensor 4.14 גלאי תזוזה פוטנציומטרי פוטנציומטרים שהם נגדים עם נגררות משמשים כגלאי תזוזה במערכות בקרה. הפוטנציומטר יכול להיות אורכי למדידת אורך או סיבובי למדידת זוית. רגישות הפוטנציומטר תלויה במספר הליפופים ובעובי חוט הליפוף. אפשר גם שהנגד יהיה גם מחומר אחיד. הפוטנציומטר משמש כגלאי תזוזה רציף ולינארי.

4.15 מד קירבה השראתי  Inductive proximity sensors Inductive proximity sensors מד קירבה השראתי מד קירבה השראתי מושפע ממתכת המגיעה לקרבת הרכיב ומשנה בו את המאזן האלקטרומגנטי. בתוך הרכיב מתקיים מעגל אלקטרומגנטי מאוזן אשר קיומה של מתכת נוספת בקרבתו יוצר חוסר איזון המזוהה על - ידי הפרש פוטנציאלים.

שנאי דיפרנציאלי 4.16 THE LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT) The Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is a displacement measuring instrument and is not a strain-based sensor. The LVDT models closely the ideal Zeroth-order displacement sensor structure at low frequency, where the output is a direct and linear function of the input. The LVDT is a variable-reluctance device, where a primary center coil establishes a magnetic flux that is coupled through a mobile armature to a symmetrically-wound secondary coil on either side of the primary. Two components comprise the LVDT: the mobile armature and the outer transformer windings. The secondary coils are series-opposed; wound in series but in opposite directions.

4.17 חיישן קיבולי חיישן קיבולי הוא חיישן המבוסס על מידת המילוי של החומר הדיאלקטרי אשר מוצב בין לוחות הקיבול של המטענים החשמליים. שינוי בכמות החומר משפיעה על השדה האלקטרוסטטי בין הלוחות.

4.18 מד תאוצה מבוסס חיישן פיאזו אלקטרי THE PIEZOELECTRIC ACCELEROMETER (Compression Type) Accelerometers for the measurement of acceleration, shock or vibration come in many types using different principles of operation. Inside a piezoelectric version, the sensing element is a crystal which has the property of emitting a charge when subjected to a compressive force. In the accelerometer, this crystal is bonded to a mass such that when the accelerometer is subjected to a 'g' force, the mass compresses the crystal which emits a signal. This signal value can be related to the imposed 'g' force. The sensing element is housed in a suitable sensor body to withstand the environmental conditions of the particular application. Body are usually made in stainless steel with welding of the various parts to prevent the ingress of dust, water, etc. Electrical connection can be via a sealed cable or a plug/socket arrangement. Many present accelerometers have internal electronic circuitry to give outputs which can be directed used by the associated acquistion or control systems. Mechanical fixing of the sensor is important in order to achieve true transfer of the vibration or acceleration. Many fixing methods are used including beeswax, hard glues, threaded stud (male or female), magnetic mounts. Accelerometers are used in many scientific and industrial applications such as predictive maintenance, aerospace, automotive, medical, process control, etc.

4.19 מפסקים  Switches –simplest form of digital displacement sensor  many forms: lever or push-rod operated microswitches; float switches; pressure switches; etc. A limit switchA float switch

 Absolute position encoders –a pattern of light and dark strips is printed on to a strip and is detected by a sensor that moves along it  the pattern takes the form of a series of lines as shown below  it is arranged so that the combination is unique at each point  sensor is an array of photodiodes

 Incremental position encoder –uses a single line that alternates black/white  two slightly offset sensors produce outputs as shown below  detects motion in either direction, pulses are counted to determine absolute position (which must be initially reset)

 Other counting techniques –several methods use counting to determine position  two examples are given below Opto-switch sensorInductive sensor

Motion Sensors  Motion sensors measure quantities such as velocity and acceleration –can be obtained by differentiating displacement –differentiation tends to amplify high-frequency noise  Alternatively can be measured directly –some sensors give velocity directly  e.g. measuring frequency of pulses in the counting techniques described earlier gives speed rather than position –some sensors give acceleration directly  e.g. accelerometers usually measure the force on a mass

Sound Sensors  Microphones –a number of forms are available  e.g. carbon (resistive), capacitive, piezoelectric and moving-coil microphones  moving-coil devices use a magnet and a coil attached to a diaphragm – we will discuss electromagnetism later

Sensor Interfacing  Resistive devices –can be very simple  e.g. in a potentiometer, with a fixed voltage across the outer terminals, the voltage on the third is directly related to position  where the resistance of the device changes with the quantity being measured, this change can be converted into a voltage signal using a potential divider – as shown  the output of this arrangement is not linearly related to the change in resistance

מפסקים Switches –switch interfacing is also simple  can use a single resistor as below to produce a voltage output  all mechanical switches suffer from switch bounce מפסקים הם יחידות בסיסיות לניתוק או חיבור אספקת אנרגיה או אותות חשמליים למערכות בקרה. החיישן יכול לתפקד כמפסק שאינו מבצע את הפסקת האות באופן מיידי אלא תמיד יהיה זמן מעבר. זמן המעבר של חיבור או ניתוק, משפיע על תפקוד המעגל, על הרעשים בו ועל יציבותו.

תודה על ההקשבה !! ד"ר משה דקלו אוגוסט 2010

חיישני קיבול וחיישנים השראתיים  Capacitive and inductive sensors –sensors that change their capacitance or inductance in response to external influences normally require the use of alternating current (AC) circuitry –such circuits need not be complicated –we will consider AC circuits in later lectures

Key Points  A wide range of sensors is available  Some sensors produce an output voltage related to the measured quantity and therefore supply power  Other devices simply change their physical properties  Some sensors produce an output that is linearly related to the quantity being measured, others do not  Interfacing may be required to produce signals in the correct form