Antarctic Extremophiles And Extraterrestrial Life Antarctic Extremophiles And Extraterrestrial Life Kevin R. Sowers Astrobiology Afternoon January 2005.

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Presentation transcript:

Antarctic Extremophiles And Extraterrestrial Life Antarctic Extremophiles And Extraterrestrial Life Kevin R. Sowers Astrobiology Afternoon January 2005 Astrobiology Afternoon January 2005

Hyperthermophiles Methanopyrus Methanococcus Methanothermus Methanobacterium Methanosarcina Methanoplanus Methanospirillum CrenarchaeotaEuryarchaeota Archaea Methanolobus Methanohalophilus Methanosaeta Methanobrevibacter Halophiles Eukarya Bacteria

Archaea are Extremophiles

Alessandro Volta

Marine Consortium Sowers & Ferry, 2002

Orders of Methanogenic Archaea Methanobacteriales H 2 /CO 2 Methanococcales H 2 /CO 2 Methanomicrobiales H 2 /CO 2 Methanopyrales H 2 /CO 2 Methanosarcinales H 2 /CO 2,CH 3 COOH,CH 3 OH, MMA,DMA,TMA,DMS Methanobacteriales H 2 /CO 2 Methanococcales H 2 /CO 2 Methanomicrobiales H 2 /CO 2 Methanopyrales H 2 /CO 2 Methanosarcinales H 2 /CO 2,CH 3 COOH,CH 3 OH, MMA,DMA,TMA,DMS 4H 2 + CO 2 CH 4 + 2H 2 O

Photosynthesis

Chemosynthesis

Mineral nutrients e donors: H 2 e acceptor: CO 2 Anoxic atmosphere Water Mineral nutrients e donors: H 2 e acceptor: CO 2 Anoxic atmosphere Water Methanogen Growth Requirements

Surface gravity = 3.8 m s -2 (~ 1/3 rd Earth’s gravity) Current surface temperatures – –87 to 25 o C (atmosphere) -70 to 10 o C (soil temperatures) Atmospheric composition – predominantly CO 2 Life in Extreme Environments Mars

80% of Earth’s Biosphere < 5 o C

Mars Geology

Water on Mars 4.5 b 3.8 b Present

Kaiser, 1995 Deep Subsurface Microbiology

marine salinity maximum depth 25 m anaerobic below m 2 to 3° C annually marine salinity maximum depth 25 m anaerobic below m 2 to 3° C annually Ace Lake - Antarctica

Methanococcoides burtonii -T min 1.7˚C T max 30˚C Methanococcoides burtonii -T min 1.7˚C T max 30˚C Methanogenium frigidum - T min 0˚C T max : 18˚C Methanogenium frigidum - T min 0˚C T max : 18˚C Cold-Adapted Methanogens

Low Temperature Limits M. frigidumM. burtonii

Simulated Arctic Conditions Lowest temperature for growth Effects of low temperature on metabolism Effects of low temperature on survival Lowest temperature for growth Effects of low temperature on metabolism Effects of low temperature on survival

Mesophile vs Psychrophile s

Subzero Adaptation

Methanogenium frigidum 1.6 Mb Methanococcoides burtonii 2.7 Mb (incomplete sequences) Methanogenium frigidum 1.6 Mb Methanococcoides burtonii 2.7 Mb (incomplete sequences) Genomic Analyses

Cold-shock proteins Decreased protein surface charge Cold-shock proteins Decreased protein surface charge Cold Adaptation Mechanisms

What are the physiochemical limits? Nutrient requirements Temperature Water Radiation Nutrient requirements Temperature Water Radiation

Contributors & Collaborators - Sheridan MacAuley (COMB) - Rick Cavicchioli (UNSW) - Iain Neill Reid (STSI) - Sheridan MacAuley (COMB) - Rick Cavicchioli (UNSW) - Iain Neill Reid (STSI)