Do-now o Have HW out on desk o In pairs, come up with a scenario where the manner of someone’s death is not clearly evident. Write your scenario down in 3-5 sentences. o We will discuss these together so make them interesting!

Do-now: Scenarios o What clues would crime scene investigators look for to help decide? o What would a medical examiner look for? 2 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Chapter 8 Autopsy © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

4 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Introduction—Objectives 1. Discuss the history of coroners and medical examiners. 2. Describe the steps of a death investigation. 3. Discuss how laboratory tests are used to determine the contributing factors that led to someone’s death. 4. Compare and contrast collection of biological and nonbiological evidence during an autopsy. 5. Describe the organization and structure of the autopsy report.

5 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Introduction—Vocabulary o algor mortis - postmortem (after death) cooling of the body o autopsy - a postmortem examination of the body, including dissection to determine cause of death o cluster - a group of wounds o postmortem interval (PMI) – the interval of time between when death occurs and the body is discovered

6 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Madison Rutherford o In 1998, Rutherford drove his car off the road. o The car caught fire and Rutherford died. o A $7 million life insurance policy would go to his wife, but only after an investigation. o An autopsy revealed: the skull fragments were in an unlikely position the bones indicated arthritis the dentures records didn’t match o Rutherford faked his death.

Do-now o Take out books and read “History of Coroners and Medical Examiners”, p. 221 o In your notes, create a Venn Diagram comparing coroners with medical examiners. Come up with 3 bullet points in each section 7 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

8 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Introduction o When the cause of death is unclear or suspicious: the government requires a death investigation performed by the medical examiner or the coroner

9 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Introduction o By law, deaths occurring under these circumstances must be investigated: Violent crime, suicide, or accident Within 24 hours of entering a hospital or having surgery A natural death when a doctor is not present or the patient is not under the care of a medical facility Occurs in police custody or in a correctional facility Results from a communicable disease that may pose a threat to public health.

10 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Introduction

Coroners Medical Examiners 11 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

12 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Historical Events (Obj 8.1) o Two systems of death investigation exist in the US The coroner system dates to 12C England; sometimes the position: is an elected official requires a medical doctor requires a forensic pathologist. The medical examiner system dates back to 1870 an experienced physician with advanced training in pathology

13 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved A Death Investigation (Obj 8.2, 8.3, 8.4) 1. A preliminary investigation is conducted at the death scene. 2. The body is transported to the morgue, where the medical examiner examines the body and performs an autopsy. 3. The medical examiner orders lab tests on biological evidence collected during the autopsy.

14 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved At the Death Scene o Draw sketches of the body at the scene o Take photographs of the scene the victim’s face the underside of the body o Document signs of trauma o Estimate time of death o Postmortem Interval (PMI)

15 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Postmortem Interval o The time between the death and the discovery of the body o Evaluate livor mortis and rigor mortis Livor- Begins 30min-2hours after death Rigor- begins 2-4 hours, lasts 36 hours o Look for scene markers o Collect evidence o Establish a chain of custody o Interview the victim’s family o Check medical records and police reports

16 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved At the Death Scene o Find scene markers Nonbiological evidence that provides clues o Establish chain of custody Paper bags over hands and feet Body wrapped in sheet or bag o Interviews- who?

CSI o 09nxg 09nxg 17 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Do-now o Take out articles from last night o In pairs, read the articles to each other. Then answer the following questions on one sheet per group: 1. In either case, what was the cause of death? 2. Did the autopsy (if the autopsy was reported) reveal any new information about the case? 3. Was there a toxicology report on either case? 18 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

19 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Medical Examination o Arrival at the morgue Update the chain of custody: when the body arrives, who transported the body, and who received the body o Cause of death o Mechanism of death

20 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved External Examination o Investigate clothing and body o Order X-rays o Biological evidence—material from living or once-living sources o Nonbiological evidence—material from nonliving sources

21 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Autopsy o Algor mortis—postmortem cooling of the body o Temperature generally falls 1.5ºF every hour until the body reaches ambient temperature o Determine body temperature At the crime scene—rectally At the crime lab—in the liver

22 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Autopsy Time since death (in hours) =

23 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Autopsy

Y-shaped incision 24 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

25 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Collecting Evidence

26 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Collecting Evidence

27 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Collecting Evidence

28 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Evidence

Do-now o Hand in lab activities from yesterday o Have case studies on desk o Turn to p o With a partner, choose a scenario. Read it and answer the questions that go along with it. One per group. Yes, I’m going to collect it. 29 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

30 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Laboratory Analysis o Toxicology—the science related to the detection of drugs, alcohol, and poisons o Histology—the study of tissues o Neuropathology—the study of disease and trauma associated with the nervous system o Serology—the study of blood, semen, and other body fluids (for legal matters)

31 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Toxicology o Alcohol—gas chromatography o Barbiturates and narcotics Presumptive screening—urine immunoassay Confirmatory test—gas chromatography-mass spectrometry o Tranquilizers—gas chromatography

32 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Histology o Slice tissue into very thin sheets o Stain the tissue samples Eosin (acidic)—for basic structures; Cytoplasm appears pink Red blood cells appear bright red Hematoxylin—binds to structures (e.g., ribosomes and the nucleus) Together—detect cancers

33 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Histology

34 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Neuropathology o More than half of all deaths encountered by medical examiners are associated with the nervous system o Common examinations: Brain trauma Brain cancer Alzheimer’s

35 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Serology o A forensic serologist may investigate: Infections caused by blood-borne pathogens Blood-typing DNA profiles

36 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved The Autopsy Report (Obj 8.5) o Heading o External Examination o Evidence of Injury o Internal Examination o Findings and Opinion

37 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

38 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Autopsy Report

Activity- Celeb Autopsies o Find the following and summarize on a separate sheet: The heading The external examination Evidence of injury Internal Examination Medical Examiner’s opinion 39 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

HW o Read “Fetal Pig Dissection” in its entirety on p o Be prepared for a quiz on this! 40 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

41 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Chapter Summary o In the US, the coroner or the medical examiner leads the death investigation when the cause of death is unclear or suspicious. o Manner of death is classified as: natural, accidental, suicide, homicide, or undetermined.

42 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Chapter Summary o The three steps of a death investigation include: determination of the events that surrounded and led to the death, internal and external examination, and laboratory analysis.

43 Forensic Science II: Autopsy, Chapter 8 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Chapter Summary o An autopsy is performed if the cause of death is not known in order to: document injuries, exclude other causes of death, and determine factors that contributed to death. o Biological evidence is material from sources that are living or were once living. o Nonbiological evidence is material from nonliving sources.