Slide 1 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

Slide 2 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-1 Energy and Life

Slide 3 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Living things need energy to survive. This energy comes from food. The energy in most food comes from the sun. Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?

Slide 4 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.

Slide 5 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Organisms, such as plants, which make their own food, are called autotrophs. Organisms, such as animals, that must obtain energy from the foods they consume are heterotrophs.

Slide 6 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, and electricity. Energy can be stored in chemical compounds, too.

8-1 Energy and Life Slide 7 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP An important chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy is adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated ATP. ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.

Slide 8 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP ATP consists of: adenine ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) 3 phosphate groups Adenine ATP Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

Slide 9 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP The three phosphate groups are the key to ATP's ability to store and release energy.

Slide 10 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Storing Energy ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three. A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP. ADP ATP Energy Partially charged battery Fully charged battery + Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Slide 11 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Releasing Energy Energy stored in ATP is released by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphates. P ADP 2 Phosphate groups

Slide 12 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP What is the role of ATP in cellular activities? The energy from ATP is needed for many cellular activities, including active transport across cell membranes, protein synthesis and muscle contraction. ATP’s characteristics make it exceptionally useful as the basic energy source of all cells.

Slide 13 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Using Biochemical Energy Most cells have only a small amount of ATP, because it is not a good way to store large amounts of energy. Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose.

Slide 14 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Slide 15 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview The key cellular process identified with energy production is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates and oxygen.

Slide 16 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Investigating Photosynthesis What did the experiments of van Helmont, Priestley, and Ingenhousz reveal about how plants grow?

Slide 17 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Investigating Photosynthesis Research into photosynthesis began centuries ago.

Slide 18 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Investigating Photosynthesis Van Helmont’s Experiment In the 1600s, Jan van Helmont wanted to find out if plants grew by taking material out of the soil. He determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling, planted the seedling in the pot, and watered it regularly. After five years, the seedling was a small tree and had gained 75 kg, but the soil’s mass was almost unchanged.

Slide 19 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Investigating Photosynthesis Van Helmont concluded that the gain in mass came from water because water was the only thing he had added. His experiment accounts for the “hydrate,” or water, portion of the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis. But where does the carbon of the “carbo-” portion come from?

Slide 20 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Investigating Photosynthesis Although van Helmont did not realize it, carbon dioxide in the air made a major contribution to the mass of his tree. In photosynthesis, the carbon in carbon dioxide is used to make sugars and other carbohydrates. Van Helmont had only part of the story, but he had made a major contribution to science.

Slide 21 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Investigating Photosynthesis Priestley’s Experiment More than 100 years after van Helmont’s experiment, Joseph Priestley provided another insight into the process of photosynthesis. Priestley took a candle, placed a glass jar over it, and watched as the flame gradually died out. He reasoned that the flame needed something in the air to keep burning and when it was used up, the flame went out. That substance was oxygen.

Slide 22 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Investigating Photosynthesis Priestley then placed a live sprig of mint under the jar and allowed a few days to pass. He found that the candle could be relit and would remain lighted for a while. The mint plant had produced the substance required for burning. In other words, it had released oxygen.

Slide 23 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Investigating Photosynthesis Jan Ingenhousz Later, Jan Ingenhousz showed that the effect observed by Priestley occurred only when the plant was exposed to light. The results of both Priestley’s and Ingenhousz’s experiments showed that light is necessary for plants to produce oxygen.

Slide 24 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Investigating Photosynthesis The experiments performed by van Helmont, Priestley, and Ingenhousz led to work by other scientists who finally discovered that, in the presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, and they also release oxygen.

Slide 25 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Photosynthesis Equation The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 carbon dioxide + water sugars + oxygen Light

Slide 26 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Photosynthesis Equation Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high- energy sugars and oxygen.

Slide 27 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Light and Pigments What is the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis? Light and Pigments How do plants capture the energy of sunlight? In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll.

Slide 28 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Light and Pigments Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments. The main pigment in plants is chlorophyll. There are two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a chlorophyll b

Slide 29 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Light and Pigments Chlorophyll absorbs light well in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum. Wavelength (nm) Estimated Absorption (%) Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Wavelength (nm)

Slide 30 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Light and Pigments Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum. Green light is reflected by leaves, which is why plants look green. Estimated Absorption (%) Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Wavelength (nm)

Slide 31 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Light and Pigments Light is a form of energy, so any compound that absorbs light also absorbs energy from that light. When chlorophyll absorbs light, much of the energy is transferred directly to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule, raising the energy levels of these electrons. These high-energy electrons are what make photosynthesis work.

Slide 32 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis

Slide 33 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Photosynthesis Equation

Slide 34 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Plant Plant cells Chloroplast

Slide 35 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast Chloroplasts contain thylakoids—saclike photosynthetic membranes. Chloroplast Single thylakoid

Slide 36 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana. A singular stack is called a granum. Granum Chloroplast

Slide 37 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters called photosystems, which are the light-collecting units of the chloroplast. Chloroplast Photosystems

Slide 38 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast The reactions of photosystems include: the light- dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (dark reaction), or Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma, which is the region outside the thylakoid membranes.

Slide 39 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast Chloroplast Light H2OH2O O2O2 CO 2 Sugars NADP + ADP + P Calvin Cycle Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle

Slide 40 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Electron Carriers When electrons in chlorophyll absorb sunlight, the electrons gain a great deal of energy. Cells use electron carriers to transport these high- energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

Slide 41 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Electron Carriers One carrier molecule is NADP +. Electron carriers, such as NADP +, transport electrons. NADP + accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion (H + ). This converts the NADP + into NADPH.

Slide 42 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Electron Carriers The conversion of NADP + into NADPH is one way some of the energy of sunlight can be trapped in chemical form. The NADPH carries high-energy electrons to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell. These high-energy electrons are used to help build a variety of molecules the cell needs, including carbohydrates like glucose.

Slide 43 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Light-Dependent Reactions The light-dependent reactions require light. The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP + into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.

Slide 44 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Light-Dependent Reactions 2H 2 O Because of this system, light-dependent electron transport produces not only high-energy electrons but ATP as well. + O 2 ATP synthase ADP 2 NADP + 2 NADPH 2

Slide 45 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Light-Dependent Reactions The light-dependent reactions use water, ADP, and NADP +. The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. These compounds provide the energy to build energy-containing sugars from low- energy compounds.

Slide 46 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Calvin Cycle The Calvin Cycle (dark reaction) ATP and NADPH formed by the light-dependent reactions contain an abundance of chemical energy, but they are not stable enough to store that energy for more than a few minutes. During the Calvin cycle plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high-energy compounds that can be stored for a long time.

Slide 47 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Calvin Cycle The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars. Because the Calvin cycle does not require light, these reactions are also called the light-independent reactions.

Slide 48 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle 12 NADPH ADP 12 NADP + 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6 6 ADP

Slide 49 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Calvin Cycle The two sets of photosynthetic reactions work together. The light-dependent reactions trap sunlight energy in chemical form. The light-independent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high- energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

Slide 50 of Energy and Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Many factors affect the rate of photosynthesis, including: Water Temperature Intensity of light