How do I understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population? How do I recognize the purposes of and difference among statistical data gathering methods? Introduction to Statistics

What is/are statistics? Statistics is a way of reasoning, along with a collection of tools and methods, designed to help us understand the world. Statistics are particular calculations made from data

Population data is used when you are gathering data from every individual of interest. Ex: Asking the entire football team a question Sample data is used when you are gathering data from some of the individuals of interest. Ex: Asking only the offensive line a question and apply it to the entire football team Population Data or Sample Data?

Population Data or Sample Data? Population Data or Sample Data? The US Government takes a census of its citizens every 10 years to gather information. A.Population B.Sample

A.Population Data B.Sample Data A.[Default] B.[MC Any] C.[MC All] You want to know what sports teens prefer so you send out a survey to all the students in your high school. Population Data or Sample Data?

You want data on the shoe size of all Reynolds students, so you interview every student at school. A.Population B.Sample Population Data or Sample Data?

You want to know how long people in Winston-Salem visited the beach last summer, so you polled 50 random people at the Dixie Classic Fair. A.Population B.Sample Population Data or Sample Data?

You want to know the average GPA of Mt. Tabor students, so you ask all of the students in all of your classes. A.Population B.Sample Population Data or Sample Data?

Parameter vs. Statistic A statistic is a descriptive measure computed from a sample of data. A parameter is a descriptive measure computed from an entire population of data. Inferential statistics enables you to make an educated guess about a population parameter based on a statistic computed from a sample randomly drawn from that population.

Parameter or statistic? You want to know the mean income of the people who subscribe to People magazine, so you question 100 subscribers. A.Parameter B.Statistic

Parameter or statistic? You want to know the average height of the students in this math class, so you have everyone in the class write their height on a sheet of paper. A.Parameter B.Statistic

A committee on community relations in a college town plans to survey local businesses about the importance of students as customers. From telephone book listings, the committee chooses 150 businesses at random. Of these, 73 return the questionnaire mailed by the committee. What is the population for this sample survey? What is the sample?

Correlation: The degree to which two or more measurements on the same group of elements show a tendency to vary together.which Causation: The degree to which one causes the other to happen.which Correlation does not imply causation Example: There is correlation between the number of people wearing shorts and temperature. More people wearing shorts doesn’t cause higher temperatures!

Ways to Gather Data Survey – a questionnaire used to collect interesting data on a certain topic from a sample of people. EX: You want to find out how many students in your class had a summer job. EX: The government wants to determine average household income in the United States. EX: You want to know if tattoos have an influence on a person’s GPA.

Ways to Gather Data Obervational Study – we observe individuals and measure variables of interest but do not attempt to influence the responses. Observational Studies may show a correlation between variables, but cannot always guarantee causation. EX: A study of child care enrolled 1364 infants in 1991 and planned to follow them through their sixth year in school. In 2003, the researchers published an article finding that “the more time children spent in child care from birth to age four-and-a-half, the more adults tended to rate them, both at age four-and-a-half and at kindergarten, as less likely to get along with others, as more assertive, as disobedient, and as aggressive.”

Ways to Gather Data Experiment – we deliberately impose some treatment on (that is, do something to) individuals in order to observe their responses. Experiments can carry more convincing evidence of a cause and effect relationship. EX: “Take the Pepsi Challenge” – in the 80’s Pepsi had a huge marketing scheme that had people do a blind taste test to see which soda they preferred – Pepsi or Coke. EX: Does Vitamin C reduce the causes of getting a common cold?

Which method would you choose? You want to know the average GPA of a football player at school this year. A.Survey B.Observational Study C.Experiment

Which method was used? The Gallop Poll questions a sample of about 1500 adult U.S. residents to determine national opinion on a variety of issues. A.Survey B.Observational Study C.Experiment

Which method would you choose? Does working with computers improve student performance in school? A.Survey B.Observational Study C.Experiment

Which method is used? A kindergartener is given the option to eat a marshmallow immediately or if they can wait 5 minutes they can have 2 marshmallows. Years later, the response of the kindergartener was used to determine if delaying gratification can have an effect on SAT scores. A.Survey B.Observational Study C.Experiment

Which method is used? Medical records were used to determine if there is a correlation between inducing labor and autism in children. A.Survey B.Observational Study C.Experiment

Sampling When conducting a survey, experiment, or observational study, it is almost impossible to survey everyone in a population so people use various sampling methods to gather information. One major concern about sampling methods is whether it is a biased or unbiased method to gather information.

Sampling Methods Random sampling: when everyone in a population has an equal chance of being chosen in the experiment. Stratified sampling: when the population is first divided into similar categories and the number of members in each category is determined. Systematic sampling: when you determine a method for which to choose members of the population (assign numbers to the population and then choose every 5 th person to participate) Cluster sampling: when you randomly put the population into clusters and then choose a cluster randomly and then randomly choose people in that cluster to participate.

Random sampling: when everyone in a population has an equal chance of being chosen in the experiment. Randomly selecting 10 from all 50 animals Stratified sampling: when the population is first divided into similar categories and the number of members in each category is determined. Select 5 from 25 dogs, 3 from 15 cats and 2 from the rabbits Systematic sampling: when you determine a method for which to choose members of the population (assign numbers to the population and then choose every 5 th person to participate) Give every animal a random number and then choose every 5 th number Cluster sampling: when you randomly put the population into clusters and then choose a cluster randomly and then randomly choose people in that cluster to participate. Randomly put the animals into 2 groups of 25, choose a group, and then choose 10 from that selected group. Example if selecting 10 animals from 25 dogs, 15 cats, and 10 rabbits

Which sampling method is used in the scenario below? A.Random B.Stratified C.Systematic D.Cluster A Gallop poll surveyed 1,018 adults by telephone in each of the 6 regions of the country, and 22% of them reported that they smoked cigarettes within the past week.

Which sampling method is used in the scenario below? A.Random B.Stratified C.Systematic D.Cluster A principal goes to one classroom in each department and chooses two students from each classes to participate in a school climate survey.

Which sampling method is used in the scenario below? A.Random B.Stratified C.Systematic D.Cluster WSFCS sends out a survey to parents by generating a list of student numbers from PowerSchool.

Biased Questions Some questions may use language that people can associate with emotions: How much of your time do you waste on Facebook? Do you prefer the wonderful math class or boring Shakespeare Class? Some questions may refer to a majority or supposed authority: Would you agree with the NCAE that teachers should be paid more for earning their master’s degree? Phrased awkwardly: Do you disagree with people who oppose the ban on smoking in public places?

Sampling Bias Occurs when one or more sub groups of a population are either over represented or under represented when conducting a survey or experiment. It must be random and fair selection Voluntary: People voluntarily turn in a survey Convenience: Questioner stays in one place Exclusion: Only asking certain members Under representation: Not getting 1/6 or at least 30 people Non-randomness: Calling the first five people on every page of the phonebook. Self-selection: People choose groups Lack of double-blinding: Sampler knows which group/product the person is selecting

Biased or Unbiased – be prepared to defend your response. A.Biased B.Unbiased A person asks, “Do you prefer delicious pancakes or cold soggy cereal?

Biased or Unbiased – be prepared to defend your response. A.Biased B.Unbiased Asking people shopping at a farmer’s market if they think locally grown fruit and vegetables are healthier than supermarket fruits and vegetables.

Biased or Unbiased – be prepared to defend your response. A.Biased B.Unbiased A survey about whether or not teachers who earn their master’s degrees should be paid more is sent out to all teachers in NC.

Activity: Martha wants to construct a survey that shows which sports students at her school like to play the most. List the goal of the survey. What population sample should she interview? How should she administer the survey? Create a data collection sheet that she can use to record her results.

Errors in Summarizing Data No causation of effect: The cause could be affected by something other than what is being studied. (correlation only) (Ex: Frog with no legs are deaf) No causation of accurate population: Applying your results to the population incorrectly. (Ex: Just because 85% of this class like math, it doesn’t mean that 85% of all students at this school like math.) shows correlations no causations

What is needed to determine causation for the population Random Selection No Random Selection Random Assignment Causality Population Causality Only to sample No Random Assignment No causality Population No causality No results!

Resources used: "Next: Introduction to Data and Measurement Issues Surveys and Samples." CK-12 Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Aug Yates, Daniel S., David S. Moore, and Daren S. Starnes. The Practice of Statistics: TI-83/84/89 Graphing Calculator Enhanced. New York: W.H. Freeman, Print. Greg Fisher – Mount Tabor High School Christina Holst – Parkland High School Wendy Bartlett – Parkland High School