عکس ساده شکم دكتر شروين فرهمند متخصص طب اورژانس عضو هيئت علمي دانشگاه علوم پزشكي تهران shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir.

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Presentation transcript:

عکس ساده شکم دكتر شروين فرهمند متخصص طب اورژانس عضو هيئت علمي دانشگاه علوم پزشكي تهران shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir

فهرست مطالب مقدمه انواع رادیوگرافی های شکم تفسیر گرافی ساده شکم انسداد روه باریک انسداد روده بزرگ ولولوس سیگموئید ولولوس سکوم ایلئوس انسداد دیستال روده بزرگ مگاکلون توکسیک هوای آزاد پریتوئن Intussusseption نماهای متفرقه shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

گرافی های مورد نیاز بر اساس پاتولوژی های احتمالی مقدمه گرافی های مورد نیاز بر اساس پاتولوژی های احتمالی pneumoperitoneum Radiograph—upright chest or left lateral decubitus abdominal view ; CT Small bowel obstruction Radiography—abdomen (supine and upright); CT (IV contrast, oral contrast not essential); Upper GI contrast study (enteroclysis)—not in ED Large bowel obstruction (tumor or volvulus) Radiography; CT (Contrast enema) Intussusception (children) Radiography; ultrasonography; Contrast or air enema—therapeutic (reduces the intussusception) Appendicitis CT, MRI (pregnancy); Ultrasonography (graded-compression technique) Diverticulitis CT Ovarian cyst (bleed or torsion), pelvic abscess Ultrasonography (transvaginal, including Doppler); CT (if enteric disorders are also being considered) Early pregnancy (ectopic) Ultrasonography (transvaginal) Colitis, enteritis No imaging needed for infectious diarrhea; CT for Crohn’s disease or ischemic colitis Mesenteric ischemia CT; angiography for acute arterial occlusion; Emergency surgery, if bowel infarction and peritonitis; Radiography—intramural gas and hepatic portal venous gas (rare) Abdominal aortic aneurysm or dissection Ultrasonography—detects aneurysm, not leakage; CT—noncontrast to detect aneurysm leakage, IV contrast for dissection Renal colic CT—noncontrast to detect aneurysm leakage, IV contrast for dissection; Renal colic Helical CT (noncontrast); radiography (to follow a known stone); Ultrasonography—hydronephrosis, Contrast urography (if no CT) Cholecystitis Ultrasonography; CT; Radiography (gallstones, gallbladder gas); Hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HIDA) Pancreatitis CT—prognostic assessment in severe pancreatitis, complications (pseudocyst), negative in mild pancreatitis با وجود محدود بودن دقت تشخیصی، در گذشته تصویربرداری ارجح موارد لزوم انجام گرافی ساده در بخش اورژانس shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

انواع رادیوگرافی شکم در هر Abdominal Series: Supine View روده ها، بافت نرم و استخوان ها Upright Abdominal View و در صورت عدم امکان، Left Lateral Decubitus سطح مایع / هوا در داخل روده ها Upright Chest View هوای زیر دیافراگم، علل داخل قفسه سینه ای درد شکم در صورت امکان Lateral Chest View shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

آناتومی در گرافی ساده 5 نوع دانسیته در گرافی ساده قابل تشخیص است: هوا چربی چربی ها اندکی رادیواوپک تر از مایعات مایع (احشا تو پر) احشا توپر در صورت وجود چربی در اطراف قابل رویت؛ چربی پری نفریک استخوان (کلسیفیکاسیون) فلز shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

گاز روده ها سودمندترین تصویر حاصل؛ 95% هوا بلع شده و 5% تولید شده در روده ها به طور طبیعی، هوا در کولون و معده کاهش موتیلیتی روده کوچک موجب تجمع هوا معده: در نیمه فوقانی و LUQ در گرافی ایستاده روده کوچک و بزرگ روده کوچک در مرکز و روده بزرگ در محیط روده کوچک پرهوا valvulae conniventes روده کوچک بر روی خودش خم می شود (Bent Finger) روده بزرگ دارای Haustra و محتوی مدفوع shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

تفسیر گرافی شکم رویکرد سیستماتیک تفسیر گرافی، بررسی دقیق هر دانسیته در نواحی مختلف گرافی: هوا، مایع، بافت نرم، استخوان و کلسیفیکاسیون تمرکز بیشتر بر انسداد روده ها و پارگی احشا ولی شاید سایر بیماری ها نیز یافت شوند شروع ارزیابی با بررسی : الگوی گاز در روده ها هوای آزاد داخل شکم سایر تجمع های غیر طبیعی هوا بررسی بافت های نرم؛ کبد، طحال، کلیه ها کلسیفیکاسیون (فلبولیت، سنگ کیسه صفرا، سنگ کلیه، عروق، تومورها، استخوان ها)، اجسام خارجی shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

الگوی گاز داخل روده ها 5 الگوی گاز در روده ها : طبیعی: در فرد بدون علامت، فقط معده و روده بزرگ (عمدتا مدفوع)، روده کوچک مختصر غیر اختصاصی: کاهش موبیلیتی روده (دیامتر < cm 3 و کمتر از 3 لوپ) ایلئوس آدینامیک؛ (دیامتر > cm 3 روده باریک و > cm 8 روده بزرگ، تجمع مایع بخصوص در روده کوچک)، دیستانسیون منتشر Sentinel Loop؛ آپاندیسیت، کله سیستیت، پانکراتیت انسداد روده کوچک؛ عدم وجود هوا در بخش های دیستال (کولون) وجود هوای مختصر، Partial Obstruction سطوح مایع / هوا متعدد در سطوح متعدد (Stepladder) و نمای String of earl انسداد روده بزرگ؛ قطر سکوم > cm 13- 11، خطر پارگی shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

Small Bowel Obstruction shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

بیمار 1؛ ادامه A 50-year-old man complained of periumbilical and left lower quadrant abdominal pain that began earlier in the day. The pain was intermittent, “crampy” in character, and accompanied by anorexia and vomiting. He had a normal bowel movement the previous day. He had not experienced similar pain in the past. There was no history of prior abdominal surgery. On examination: the patient was afebrile and in moderate distress due to his abdominal pain. Bowel sounds were present, and the abdomen was mildly distended with periumbilical tenderness, but no rebound tenderness. shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

بیمار 1؛ ادامه shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

موارد مهم در انسداد روده باریک موارد مهم در انسداد روده باریک عکس طاقباز پر هوایی روده باریک پروگزیمال به انسداد (قطر > cm 3) وجود هوا در روده بزرگ رد کننده نیست . (Partial or early or Possible SBO) نمای Stack of Coins؛ به جز ایلئوم انتهایی عکس ایستاده: سطح مایع – هوا؛ Multiple differential air/fluid level (> mm15اختلاف ارتفاع) Step – ladder Broad air/fluid level؛ Tortoise - shell String of pearls محدودیت ها؛ اختصاصی بودن محدود (ایلئوس، ایسکمی مزانتریک): در ابتدا تفکیک از انسداد آدینامیک مشکل روده باریک محتوی مایع و ممکن است قابل مشاهده نباشد ممکن است در ابتدای روده بوده و فقط لوپ کوتاهی دیستانته باشد shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

بیمار 1 مجددا بیمار دقیق معاینه شد Left Incarcerated Inguinal H. shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

بیمار 2 shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

بیمار 3 shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

برتری CT Scan بر عکس ساده شکم در SBO عکس ساده در 50% موارد غیر تشخیصی CT Scan می تواند روده های پر از مایع را نشان دهد معیار های SBO: روده باریک دیلاته در پروگزیمال به انسداد (قطر > cm 2/5) کلاپس روده در بخش دیستال به انسداد Transitional zone علامت Small Bowel Feces کانترست وریدی کمک به تشخیص ادم جدار 6. حتما نیاز به کانترست خوراکی نیست shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

CT اسکن شکم shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

Large Bowel Obstruction shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

بیمار 3 An 83-year-old man was brought to the ED by ambulance for progressive shortness of breath of one day duration. On arrival, he was in severe respiratory distress and was unable to provide a detailed medical history. On examination: Vital signs: BP: 150/80 mm Hg PR: 120/min, irregular RR: 36/min; pulse oximetry SO2 78% on room air. There was poor air movement bilaterally. His abdomen was distended, tympanitic to percussion, and non-tender. Bowel sounds were quiet, but present. The patient stated that he had been constipated for six days, but had a bowel movement the previous day. On 100% oxygen by face mask, the pulse oximetry SO2 was 92%. ABG: pH 7.20, PCO2 59 mm Hg, 79 mm Hg, PO2 79 mm Hg The patient was intubated. shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

بیمار 3 shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

روده بزرگ یا کوچک؟ در نمای روده کوچک: لوپ روده ها در محیط (کولون عرضی) چین مخاطی متعدد، و کامل قطر لوپ به cm10 نمی رسد. انسداد دینامیک است یا آدینامیک؟ وجود هوای رکتوم تایید قطعی نیست. وجود یک لوپ دیستانته وجود Soft Tissue Strip shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

Coffee Bean Whirl Sign Beard’s Beak 4/27/2017 shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

Large Bowel Obstruction (LBO) Sigmoid volvulus Coffee bean—a doubled-back and dilated bowel segment Extends from left lower quadrant to right upper quadrant Proximal large bowel dilated Cecal volvulus Single dilated segment (kidney-shaped) in mid or upper abdomen Distal large bowel collapsed, unless concomitant colonic ileus Small bowel often dilated (effectively obstructed at terminal ileum) Large bowel obstruction—distal Diffuse distention of large bowel and often small bowel Cecum disproportionately distended (75% of cases) Rectum not distended Ileus—pseudo-obstruction Diffuse distention of colon and often small bowel Rectum distended on CT or prone rectal view (air filled) Toxic megacolon Distended colon with focal bowel wall edema (nodularity) shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

Sigmoid Volvulus Coffee bean—a doubled-back and dilated bowel segment Extends from left lower quadrant to right upper quadrant Proximal large bowel dilated shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

Cecal Volvulus Single dilated segment (kidney-shaped) in mid or upper abdomen Distal large bowel collapsed, unless concomitant colonic ileus Small bowel often dilated (effectively obstructed at terminal ileum) shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

Distal LBO Diffuse distention of large bowel and often small bowel Cecum disproportionately distended (75% of cases) Rectum not distended shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

Adynamic Ileus (Pseudo – obstruction) Diffuse small and large bowel dilation Without underlying cause; Ogilvie syndrome shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

Toxic Megacolon Colonic distention (Megacolon) with clinical sign of systemic toxicity Ulcerative Colitis Infections colitis + Antiparalitic Clostridium D. Amibiasis Shigellosis Distended colon Loss of haustral marking Focal bowel wall edema (nodularity) shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

بیمار 4؛ ادامه A 51-year-old man presented to the ED with progressive abdominal pain of one day's duration. He had not eaten all day and had vomited twice. There was no associated diarrhea or melena. He had a history of alcoholic hepatitis, COPD, and surgical repair of a colonic-bladder fistula 10 years earlier. He had mild constipation and abdominal discomfort for the past few months. On examination, the patient was in moderate distress due to abdominal pain. Vital signs: BP: 130/70 mm Hg; PR: 118/min; RR: 24/min; temperature 100.8؛ F (rectal). His abdomen was distended but soft, with mild diffuse tenderness and no rebound tenderness. His stool was negative for occult blood. He was anicteric. shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

بیمار 4؛ ادامه shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

پنوموپریتوئن 80% علل زخم پپتیک سوراخ شده همه موارد قابل مشاهده نیست (60% حساسیت) از علل نادر، pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis Perforated peptic ulcer (usually duodenal) Gastric ulcer perforation (benign or malignant) Large bowel obstruction causing cecal perforation Cecal or sigmoid volvulus Perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis (infrequent) Colonoscopy and biopsy Residual postoperative gas Ruptured pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis Extension from pneumomediastinum shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

نماهای تشخیصی پنوموپریتوئن Upright chest radiograph Left lateral decubitus abdominal radiograph Lateral chest radiograph Pneumogastrogram—NG air insufflation Supine abdominal radiograph (massive free air) CT Ultrasonography shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

نماهای تشخیصی پنوموپریتوئن shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

تصاویر مشابه هوا در شکم shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

بیمار 5 A 2-year-old girl presented to the ED with intermittent abdominal pain that began 18 hours earlier. The previous evening, she had an episode of abdominal pain accompanied by a large bowel movement. During the night and following day, she had several bouts of abdominal pain. Her oral intake was poor and she vomited after eating. Late that afternoon, her mother brought her to the ED. The child had been in good health. At age 4 months, she was brought to the ED for abdominal pain, which resolved over several hours. A medical evaluation at that time was normal. In the ED, her vital signs were: PR:114/min, RR: 24 min, and temperature 100.1F (rectal). The child appeared well. Her abdomen was soft and non-distended. There was minimal right lower quadrant tenderness with no rebound tenderness or palpable mass. Stool was guiac negative. The child would not eat or drink and was admitted to the hospital for observation. shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

Intussusception Soft tissue mass (absence of gas) on the right side of the abdomen Crescent sign (the visible head of the intussusceptum) Target sign Small bowel obstruction with dilated loops of air-filled bowel shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

پاتولوژی های کیسه صفرا shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

اسپلنومگالی shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017

shfarahmand@sina.tums.ac.ir 4/27/2017