AAPT workshop W03 July 26, 2014 Saint Cloud State University, MN, USA

Agenda CH1: Introduction to open source electronics CH2: Basics of programming CH3: Sensors CH4: Open source physics laboratory platform CH5: Apparatus developed with OSPL CH6: Opportunities, ideas, limitations 10 minutes at the end of each hour for breaks and soldering practice

Challenge! Learn laboratory physics skills in 40 hours! Restrictions: You can’t use your current knowledge level. Start at level 1. You can only practice your skills at 2 hours a week. Your hours are fixed, you show up whether you like it or not. If you get stuck, or you come unprepared, you can’t pause. If you made a mistake, fix it within the 2 hour limit, hurry! There is only one instructor, your clock ticks while you wait for an answer. You can try to ask other students but they are just as busy. Next week you spend 2 hours on a different topic. Good luck! You will need it sometimes.

CH1: Open source electronics Electronics here represents circuit board designs Designers release design files under public licenses Global online forums support new and experienced users Dramatically reduce cost on lab data acquisition systems Users may modify designs to meet their needs Dramatically expand sensor selections 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis magnetic sensor, 3-axis gyroscope, barometer Paid $13, requires 4 wires.

Why open source electronics? Very low cost to use and flexible to modify Many compatible hardware and expanding Active learning communities exist Many learning materials already exist, providing basis for creating teaching and learning content Some educational institutions have already started using open source electronics in teaching

What about closed source? Proprietary designs are not released to the public and products are very expensive. There is no way to modify the design or learn from existing designs. Little to no community support. End users have minimal influence in the design and future directions of the products they use. Why did you change all the plugs?!

Example open source electronics Arduino: microcontroller development platform Beagle board, Raspberry pi: open source single-board GNU/Linux computer Open source physics laboratory platform: lab data acquisition system based on Arduino RepRap: open source 3D printer Openmoko: open source mobile phone

Arduino Arduino is the most recognized open-source physical computing platform for artists and DIY hobbyists Arduino can interface with many types of sensors Arduino can control many actuators Arduino uses open source C/C++ (AVR GCC) Arduino has a massive online support forum There are numerous learning materials online Arduino is used by many educational institutions

People use arduino to make: Interactive art pieces, museum interactive displays Internet of things (sensors and actuators connected to the internet) Robots, automated lawn mowers, UAVs, quadracopters Laser harp, Theremin, MIDI device, talking electronics Data loggers, reverse geocache boxes, lab and research apparatus Wearable electronics, 3D printers, liquor dispensers, automated chicken coop doors, aquaria, bomb props, R2-D2, home automation, hacks and fun stuff

Google arduino project:

Arduino Uno $30+ 16MHz 8-bit microcontroller 2KB SRAM 1KB EEPROM 32KB FLASH 20 total input/output 6 10-bit Analog inputs Serial port via USB SPI interface (SD card, Wi-Fi, Ethernet etc.) I 2 C (real time clock, accelerometer, gyroscope etc.)

Arduino Uno 16MIPS for most operations, except for floating point Stores (in 2KB SRAM ) up to 1,000 analog values Non-volatile storage (1KB EEPROM) for settings Program space stores about 3,000 lines C/C++ code Connect up to 20 simple digital sensors and actuators 5mV accuracy for up to 6 analog sensors Serial port via USB (program upload and data logging) SD card, Wi-Fi, Ethernet etc. Real time clock, accelerometer, gyroscope etc.

Arduino shields Sits on top of an arduino Adds functionality to arduino, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, SD card, xbee, real time clock, motor control, display, GPS, GSM, Bluetooth, RFID, MIDI, VGA, TV etc. Many shields are designed by 3 rd party

EAGLE CAD software Printed circuit board design software Arduino boards are many other compatible hardware are designed with this software Free license covers non-commercial use Many online tutorials to get started Many existing parts and components libraries to use

Raspberry pi Very popular single-board GNU/Linux computer Designed to help kids learn computer and programming Supports most USB hardware such as flash drive, keyboard, mouse, Wi-Fi adapter, Arduino etc. Programmed with C/C++, Perl, Ruby, Python etc. Provides a lot of GNU/Linux software Decent community support forum Growing number of projects

People use Raspberry pi to make: Game consoles, multimedia players, info displays Internet of things (sensors and actuators connected to the internet) Robots, automated cars etc. Portable computers Data loggers, lab and research apparatus Liquor dispensers, automated chicken coop doors, aquaria, home automation, hacks and fun stuff

Google raspberry pi project:

Raspberry pi model B $ MHz 32-bit ARM processor with GPU 512MB RAM USB 2.0 ports Ethernet port SD card slot HDMI and RCA video outputs Stereo audio outputs Display and camera connectors General purpose digital I/O (3.3V) I2C and SPI interfaces (3.3V)

Arduino vs. Raspberry pi Arduino UNORaspberry pi B Crucial differenceReal time, no OSMulti-tasking OS Digital I/OMHzDep. library and programming language Analog input6 channel 10-bitNeeds extra hardware Processor16MHz 8-bit700MHz 32-bit with GPU RAM2KB512MB Code space32KBSD card and ext. drive RepairsMCU replaceableNo replaceable parts DisplayExtra hardware and very basicHDMI, RCA and display connection SoundRemember classic Nintendo?Stereo audio USB devicesVery few devices are supported with extra hardware and libraries USB 2.0 host ports. Add anything that has ARM-Linux driver NetworkingExtra hardware, limited HTTP functionsEthernet, HTTP, FTP, Wi-Fi via USB File systemExtra hardware and very basic libraryLinux file system on SD card etc. Remote accessVery difficult!It is Linux! Yes!

Open source physics lab Based on Arduino project (same specification) Runs Arduino code and compatible with many Arduino hardware and sensors Rugged design to survive student lab environment On board micro-SD card slot for data logging LCD and rotary encoder for easy user interface No loose wires, exposed circuits, or breadboards Compatible with Vernier and some PASCO sensors Compatible with more modern sensors Twice award winner at AAPT apparatus competition

Capability: Wired data transfer Wireless data transfer (Bluetooth) Elegant enclosure and rugged design DIN-5 connectors compatible with generic and Vernier analog and digital sensors Works with countless modern I 2 C sensors. Standard Firmware Write your own project code

OSPL 1.0 AAPT 2012

OSPL hr DIN-5 connectors, power barrel, on/off, USB port, Bluetooth (internal) Enclose AAPT 2013 Apparatus competition award and low cost winner DIN-5 plugs won’t fall off like jumper wires on an Arduino!

OSPL 2.1 Improved integration with Arduino Nano module instead of separate MCU and USB/TTL module SD card is integrated on board and ready to use Surface mount components replaced most thru-hole components for future automated assembly Micro-SD card, power switch Power barrel, Mini-USB port, DIN-5 ports

Arduino vs. OSPL V 2.1 Arduino UNOOSPL V 2.1 Crucial differenceJumper wires (weak!)DIN-5 plugs (40N insertion/extraction force) Digital I/O206 Analog input66 DisplayExtra hardware and costs 6 pins16X2 display already mounted ready to use BuzzerExtra hardware and costs 1 pinBeep! Beep! Included ready to use SD cardExtra hardware and costs 4 pinsMicro-SD card slot included ready to use BluetoothExtra hardwareIncluded in the unit User inputExtra hardware, rotary encoder costs 3 pinsRotary encoder ready to use I2C sensorsUse jumper wiresDIN-5 plug (channel 2) RobustnessEasy to short circuit without enclosureEnclosed in rugged enclosure Battery powerExtra hardware, exposed, needs 1 extra pin, resistors and wiring to sense battery level Enclosed with power switch and battery sense on pin A6 Will it survive students? Probably not for high school or college introductory physics labs Designed for labs

Firmware: Standard firmware is compatible with Vernier sensors Many Vernier sensors can be selected from a list. Sensors not on the list requires a simple conversion. I 2 C sensors including 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis magnetic sensor, 3-axis gyroscope, barometer, and a lot more will be included in future firmware release Use your own sensor is very easy with 4-5 lines of code