Trisha Pachiano, D.O.

PUBERTY MENARCHE PERIMENOPAUSE MENOPAUSE

PUBERTY

DEFINITION: The process of physical changes by which a child’s body matures into adulthood and is capable of sexual reproduction PUBERTY

Puberty is proceeded by adrenarche Adrenarche is an increase in adrenal androgen production between the ages of 6-10 Onset of puberty is associated with high GnRH pulsing. Rise in GnRH proceeds the rise in FSH and LH Puberty is completed following menarche. STAGES OF PUBERTY

Average time from start of puberty to finish of puberty is 4.5 years First physical sign of puberty is breast bud * Breast bud is firm, tender lump under the center of the areoloa * Average age of breast bud is 9.8 years * Development of breast bud is referred to as thelarche Second physical sign of puberty of pubic hair * Usually first visible along the labia * Average age of pubic hair development is 10.5 years * Development of pubic hair referred to as pubarche. PHYSICAL CHANGES

Final sign of puberty is menstruation * First menstrual bleeding is referred to as menarche * Average age of menarche is 12.8 years. * Menses typically occurs 2 years following thelarche Ovulation and menstruation * 80% of cycles anovulatory in the first year after menarche * 50% of cycles anovulatory in the third year after menarche * 10% of cycles anovulatory in the sixth year after menarche Ovulation if necessary for fertility, but may not occur with earliest menses PHYSICAL CHANGES

1.Hypothalamus releases pulses of GnRH 2.In response to GnRH, anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH 3.Ovaries respond to FSH and LH and produce estraIncrease in pulsitile secretions of GnRH from the hypothalamus 4.Rising levels of estradiol produce physical changes of puberty SUMMARY OF HORMONE CHANGES IN PUBERTY

No sexual characteristics by age 13 OR No menarche 3 years after breast development DELAYED PUBERTY

Ovarian Failure 42% Vaginal Agenesis 15% Constitutional Delay 11% All other causes 32% * Physical exertion (athletes), IBS, nutritional (anorexia), cystic fibrosis CAUSES OF DELAYED PUBERTY

Hypergonadotropin Hypogonadism-Primary Gonadal Failure * Abnormal sex chromosomes (Turner’s 45X, Klinefelter’s 46XXY, Swyer’s Sydrome * Normal sex chromosomes 46XX Hypogonadotripic Hypogonadism * Constitutional delay 60% * Congenital anomalies * Acquired (CAH, brain tumors (craniopharygionma/prolactinoma) hypothyroidism, Cushing’s Syndrome CLASSIFICATION OF DELAYED PUBERTY

Eugonadol Hypogonadism * Congenital absence of uterus and vagina (MRKH) * Obstruction of outflow tract (imperforate vagina, cervical agenesis) * Chronic anovulation (PCOS) CLASSIFICATION OF DELAYED PUBERTY

PERIMENOPAUSE

DEFINITION: Time period leading up to menopause during which some of the symptoms associated with menopause may be experienced PERIMENOPAUSE

Hallmark of the perimenopausal period is menstrual irregularity * Average age is 46 * Average duration 2-8 years Normal menstrual cycle * Menstrual cycle length is 28 days (+/- 7 days) * 70% of blood loss in first 2 days * Average blood loss 40 cc * Average iron loss 13 mg Menopausal signs/symptoms SIGNS OF PERIMENOPAUSE

Important Definitions * Oligomenorrhea: Irregularly timed episodes of bleeding at intervals >35 days (ICD ) * Menorrhagia: regular episodes of bleeding >80 ml and >5 days (ICD ) * Menometrorrhagia: excessive, prolonged bleeding occurring at irregularly times, frequent episodes (ICD 10 N92.1) * Intermenstrual bleeding (Polymenorrhea/Metrorrhagia: bleeding between cycles or frequent regular episodes at intervals <21 days * Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: Abnormal genital tract bleeding in the absence of structural or organic pathology (ICD 10 N93.8) IRREGULAR MENSES

Pregnancy Cervical Cancer Endometrial Cancer Endometrial Polyps Uterine/Cervical Fibroids Hypothyroidism Coagulation Deleft Infection Foreign Body DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DUB

DUB has no organic etiology and is usually anovatory, especially in the perimenopausal period. DUB can also be anovulatory in the very young ETIOLOGY OF DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING

PT PTT Platelet Count Bleeding Time CBC BHCG Prolactin TSH Cervical Cultures LABS

Systemic Causes * Blood dyscrasias * Lupus * Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura * Leukemia * Von Willebrand’s Disease *Hypothroidism CAUSES OF DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING

Anatomic Causes * Uterine Fibroids * Endometrial Polyps * Endometrial Hyperplasia * Trophoblastic Disease * Neoplasms (uterine, cervical, or vaginal) * IUD * Infection CAUSES OF DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING

Labs Ultrasound Endometrial Biopsy EVALUATION OF DUB

Pharmocologic * Estrogen * Progesterone TREATMENT OF DUB

Surgical * Hysteroscopy/D&C * Endometrial Thermal Ablation * Hysterectomy TREATMENT OF DUB

Vasomotor Symptoms (Hot Flashes) Breast Tenderness Decreased Libido Vaginal Dryness (due to Vaginal Atrophy) Mood Swings Insomia (Trouble Sleeping) Fatigue Urinary Incontinence MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS

Direct consequence of hypoestrogenic state associated with menopause and occurs in perimenopausal period as estrogen production decreases VAGINAL ATROPHY

Vaginal Dryness Vulvar Dryness Vaginal Discharge Vaginal Itching Dysparunia SYMPTOMS OF VAGINAL ATROPHY

Estrogen/Progestin Combinations *Oral Contraceptive Pills/Patches/Rings *Hormone Replacement Patches TREATMENT OF PERIMENOPAUSAL SYMTPOMS

Definition: Sudden sensation of extreme heat in upper body, particularly in the face, neck and chest, referred to as hot flash Hot flashes usually last 1-5 min Hot flashes can be characterized by perspiration, flushing, chills, clamminess, anxiety, and occasionally, heart palpations Vasomotor symptoms may interfere with sleep and cause chronic sleep disruption VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS

Prescription Hormone Therapy * Oral Contraceptive Pills * Cyclic Estrogen/Progesterone (Premphase) * Depo-provera * IUD * Bio-identical Compounded Hormone Replacement TREATMENT

MENOPAUSE

Menopause is the phase in a woman’s life when ovarian production of estrogen ceases, and menstruation stops * Shortly after menopause, there are no remaining ovarian follicles * fold increase in FSH, 3 fold increase in LH * Average of menopause, 51 * Premature menopause is menopause before age 40 * Absence of menses for 12 months DEFINITION

FSH LH TSH LABS

Trans-vaginal Ultrasound * Measure endometrial thickness * If endometrium <5 mm, no need to biopsy * If endometrium 5-12 mm, neoplastic process unlikely, but biopsy recommended * If endometrium >12 mm, endometrial biopsy necessary * Biopsy performed to rule out endometrial hyperplasia or cancer POST-MENOPAUSAL BLEEDING

Classification of Endometrial Hyperplasia * Simple Hyperplasia with/without Atypia * Complex Hyperplasia with/without Atypia Diagnosis of Endometrial Hyperplasia *Office Endometrial Biopsy or Surgical D&C Treatment * Oral progestin (10 mg Provera) days 1-14 of month for 3 months * Progestin treatment only if no atypia * Consider only if patient has not completed menopause ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA

Types *Adenocarcinoma *Sarcoma Classification * Stage 1 Tumor confined to the uterus * Stage 2 Tumor involves the uterus and cervical stroma * Stage 3 Vaginal/Parametrial involvement, involvement of lymph nodes *Stage 4 Tumor invasion of bladder or bowel, distant metatasis Treatment * Hysterectomy with BSO, peritoneal cytology, lymphadenectomy ENDOMETRIAL CANCER

Menopausal symptoms similar to symptoms experienced during perimenopause * Vasomotor Symptoms * Vaginal Atrophy * Bone loss * Insomnia * Memory Loss * Decreased Libido MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS

Hormone Replacement * If uterus present, Estrogen/Progesterone Therapy to alleviate symptoms and prevent bone loss * If changing from OCP to post-menopausal HRT, measure FSH on day 5-6 of pill free week. Once FSH >20, change to HRT * If uterus absent, only need estrogen * If decreased libido, consider addition of testosterone TREATMENT

Oral Hormone Replacement *Premarin (Premarin/Premphase/Prempro), Estrace, Estradiol *Estrogen/Testosterone Combinations (Estratest) *Patches (Estraderm, Climera, Vivelle) *Transdermal gels or sprays *Bio-identical Hormone Replacement (Biest or Triest) HORMONE REPLACEMENT REGIMENS