Computer Architecture CSE 3322 Web Site crystal.uta.edu/~jpatters/cse3322 Send to Pramod Kumar, with the names and s of your Four Project team members by Mon Sept 15. If not on a team, send your address to Pramod.

CPI CPI = Clock Cycles / Instruction “Average clock cycles per instruction”

CPI CPI = Clock Cycles / Instruction “Average clock cycles per instruction” CPU Time = Instructions x CPI / Clock Rate = Instructions x CPI x Clock Cycle Time

CPI CPI = Clock Cycles / Instruction “Average clock cycles per instruction” CPU Time = Instructions x CPI / Clock Rate = Instructions x CPI x Clock Cycle Time Average CPI = SUM of CPI (i) * I(i) for i=1, n Instruction Count

CPI Invest Resources where time is Spent! CPI = Clock Cycles / Instruction Count = (CPU Time * Clock Rate) / Instruction Count “Average clock cycles per instruction” CPU Time = Instruction Count x CPI / Clock Rate = Instruction Count x CPI x Clock Cycle Time Average CPI = SUM of CPI (i) * I(i) for i=1, n Instruction Count Average CPI = SUM of CPI(i) * F(i) for i = 1, n F(i) is the Instruction Frequency

Suppose we have two implementations of the same instruction set For some program, Machine A has: a clock cycle time of 10 ns. and a CPI of 2.0 Machine B has: a clock cycle time of 20 ns. and a CPI of 1.2 What machine is faster for this program, and by how much? CPI Example

Suppose we have two implementations of the same instruction set For some program, Machine A has: CPU Time = I*2.0*10ns=I*20ns a clock cycle time of 10 ns. and a CPI of 2.0 Machine B has: a clock cycle time of 20 ns. and a CPI of 1.2 What machine is faster for this program, and by how much? CPI Example

Suppose we have two implementations of the same instruction set For some program, Machine A has: CPU Time = I*2.0*10ns=I*20ns a clock cycle time of 10 ns. and a CPI of 2.0 Machine B has: CPU Time = I*1.2*20ns=I*24ns a clock cycle time of 20 ns. and a CPI of 1.2 What machine is faster for this program, and by how much? CPI Example

Suppose we have two implementations of the same instruction set For some program, Machine A has: CPU Time = I*2.0*10ns=I*20ns a clock cycle time of 10 ns. and a CPI of 2.0 Machine B has: CPU Time = I*1.2*20ns=I*24ns a clock cycle time of 20 ns. and a CPI of 1.2 What machine is faster for this program, and by how much? A is 24/20 =1.2 faster than B CPI Example

Suppose we have two implementations of the same instruction set For some program, Machine A has: CPU Time = I*2.0*10ns=I*20ns a clock cycle time of 10 ns. and a CPI of 2.0 Machine B has: CPU Time = I*1.2*20ns=I*24ns a clock cycle time of 20 ns. and a CPI of 1.2 What machine is faster for this program, and by how much? A is 24/20 =1.2 faster than B Note: CPI is Smaller for B CPI Example

Example (RISC processor) Typical Mix Base Machine (Reg / Reg) OpFreqCyclesF(i)CPI(i)% Time ALU50%1 Load20%5 Store10%3 Branch20%2

Example (RISC processor) Typical Mix Base Machine (Reg / Reg) OpFreqCyclesF(i)CPI(i)% Time ALU50%1.5 Load20%5 1.0 Store10%3.3 Branch20% = CPI ave

Example (RISC processor) Typical Mix Base Machine (Reg / Reg) OpFreqCyclesF(i)CPI(i)% Time ALU50%1.5 Load20%5 1.0 Store10%3.3 Branch20% = CPI ave CPU Time(i) = Instr Cnt(i) * CPI(i) * Clk Cycle Time CPU Time Inst Cnt * CPI ave * Clk Cycle Time % Time = F(i) * CPI(i) / CPI ave

Example (RISC processor) Typical Mix Base Machine (Reg / Reg) OpFreqCyclesF(i)CPI(i)% Time ALU50%1.523% Load20% % Store10%3.314% Branch20%2.418% 2.2 = CPI ave CPU Time(i) = Instr Cnt(i) * CPI(i) * Clk Cycle Time CPU Time Inst Cnt * CPI ave * Clk Cycle Time % Time = F(i) * CPI(i) / CPI ave

Example (RISC processor) Typical Mix Base Machine (Reg / Reg) OpFreqCyclesF(i)CPI(i)% Time ALU50%1.523% Load20% % Store10%3.314% Branch20%2.418% 2.2 = CPI ave How much faster would the machine be if a better data cache reduced the average load time to 2 cycles?

Example (RISC processor) Typical Mix Base Machine (Reg / Reg) OpFreqCyclesF(i)CPI(i)% Time ALU50%1.523% Load20%5 (2) 1.0 (.4)45% Store10%3.314% Branch20%2.418% 2.2 (1.6) How much faster would the machine be if a better data cache reduced the average load time to 2 cycles? 2.2/1.6 = CPU Time = Inst Cnt * CPI ave * Clk Cycle Time

Example (RISC processor) Typical Mix Base Machine (Reg / Reg) OpFreqCyclesF(i)CPI(i)% Time ALU50%1.523% Load20% % Store10%3.314% Branch20%2.418% 2.2 How much faster would the machine be if a better data cache reduced the average load time to 2 cycles? CPI = 1.6 How does this compare with using branch prediction to shave a cycle off the branch time?

Example (RISC processor) Typical Mix Base Machine (Reg / Reg) OpFreqCyclesF(i)CPI(i)% Time ALU50%1.523% Load20% % Store10%3.314% Branch20%2 (1).4 (.2)18% 2.2 (2.0) How much faster would the machine be if a better data cache reduced the average load time to 2 cycles? CPI = 1.6 How does this compare with using branch prediction to shave a cycle off the branch time? CPI = 2.0

Example (RISC processor) Typical Mix Base Machine (Reg / Reg) OpFreqCyclesF(i)CPI(i)% Time ALU50%1.523% Load20% % Store10%3.314% Branch20%2.418% 2.2 How much faster would the machine be if a better data cache reduced the average load time to 2 cycles? CPI = 1.6 How does this compare with using branch prediction to shave a cycle off the branch time? CPI = 2.0 What if two ALU instructions could be executed at once?

Example (RISC processor) Typical Mix Base Machine (Reg / Reg) OpFreqCyclesF(i)CPI(i)% Time ALU50%1 (.5).5 (.25)23% Load20% % Store10%3.314% Branch20%2.418% 2.2 (1.95) How much faster would the machine be if a better data cache reduced the average load time to 2 cycles? CPI = 1.6 How does this compare with using branch prediction to shave a cycle off the branch time? CPI = 2.0 What if two ALU instructions could be executed at once? CPI=1.95

A compiler designer is trying to decide between two code sequences for a particular machine. Based on the hardware implementation, there are three different classes of instructions: Class A has 1 cycle Class B has 2 cycles Class C has 3 cycles The first code sequence has 5 instructions: 2 of A, 1 of B, and 2 of C The second sequence has 6 instructions: 4 of A, 1 of B, and 1 of C. Which sequence will be faster? How much? What is the CPI for each sequence?

A compiler designer is trying to decide between two code sequences for a particular machine. Based on the hardware implementation, there are three different classes of instructions: Class A has 1 cycle Class B has 2 cycles Class C has 3 cycles The first code sequence has 5 instructions: 2 of A, 1 of B, and 2 of C 2*1+1*2+2*3 = 10 The second sequence has 6 instructions: 4 of A, 1 of B, and 1 of C. 4*1+1*2+1*3 = 9 Which sequence will be faster? How much? What is the CPI for each sequence?

A compiler designer is trying to decide between two code sequences for a particular machine. Based on the hardware implementation, there are three different classes of instructions: Class A has 1 cycle Class B has 2 cycles Class C has 3 cycles The first code sequence has 5 instructions: 2 of A, 1 of B, and 2 of C 2*1+1*2+2*3 = 10 The second sequence has 6 instructions: 4 of A, 1 of B, and 1 of C. 4*1+1*2+1*3 = 9 Which sequence will be faster? How much? 10 / 9 = 1.11 What is the CPI for each sequence?

A compiler designer is trying to decide between two code sequences for a particular machine. Based on the hardware implementation, there are three different classes of instructions: Class A has 1 cycle Class B has 2 cycles Class C has 3 cycles The first code sequence has 5 instructions: 2 of A, 1 of B, and 2 of C 2*1+1*2+2*3 = 10 The second sequence has 6 instructions: 4 of A, 1 of B, and 1 of C. 4*1+1*2+1*3 = 9 Which sequence will be faster? How much? 10 / 9 = 1.11 What is the CPI for each sequence? 10/5 = 2 9/6 = 1.5

MIPS = Instruction Count Execution time x 10 6 A popular performance metric is MIPS, the number of millions of instructions per second. For a given program,

MIPS = Instruction Count Execution time x 10 6 A popular performance metric is MIPS, the number of millions of instructions per second. For a given program, 1.Cannot compare if instruction set is different

MIPS = Instruction Count Execution time x 10 6 A popular performance metric is MIPS, the number of millions of instructions per second. For a given program, 1.Cannot compare if instruction set is different 2.Highly dependent on the program

MIPS = Instruction Count Execution time x 10 6 A popular performance metric is MIPS, the number of millions of instructions per second. For a given program, 1.Cannot compare if instruction set is different 2.Highly dependent on the program 3.Can be inversely proportional to performance

Two different compilers are being tested for a 100 MHz. machine with three different classes of instructions: Class A has 1 cycle,Class B has 2 cycles, Class C has 3 cycles Instruction counts ( billions) Code fromABC Compiler 1511 Compiler Which sequence will be faster according to MIPS? Which sequence will be faster according to execution time? MIPS example

Two different compilers are being tested for a 100 MHz. machine with three different classes of instructions: Class A Class B Class C CPI Instruction counts ( billions) Code fromABCTotal Compiler Compiler CPU cyclesExec TimeMIPS Compiler 1 5+1x2+1x3=10 billion Compiler 2 MIPS example

Two different compilers are being tested for a 100 MHz. machine with three different classes of instructions: Class A Class B Class C CPI Instruction counts ( billions) Code fromABCTotal Compiler Compiler CPU cyclesExec TimeMIPS Compiler 1 10 billion Compiler 2 15 billion MIPS example

Two different compilers are being tested for a 100 MHz. machine with three different classes of instructions: Class A Class B Class C CPI Instruction counts ( billions) Code fromABCTotal Compiler Compiler CPU cyclesExec TimeMIPS Compiler 1 10 billion10 10 x10 -8 =100 Compiler 2 15 billion MIPS example

Two different compilers are being tested for a 100 MHz. machine with three different classes of instructions: Class A Class B Class C CPI Instruction counts ( billions) Code fromABCTotal Compiler Compiler CPU cyclesExec TimeMIPS Compiler 1 10 billion 100 sec Compiler 2 15 billion 150 sec MIPS example

Two different compilers are being tested for a 100 MHz. machine with three different classes of instructions: Class A Class B Class C CPI Instruction counts ( billions) Code fromABCTotal Compiler Compiler CPU cyclesExec TimeMIPS Compiler 1 10 billion 100 sec7x10 3 /100 Compiler 2 15 billion 150 sec MIPS example

Two different compilers are being tested for a 100 MHz. machine with three different classes of instructions: Class A Class B Class C CPI Instruction counts ( billions) Code fromABCTotal Compiler Compiler CPU cyclesExec TimeMIPS Compiler 1 10 billion 100 sec 70 Compiler 2 15 billion 150 sec 12x10 3 /150 MIPS example

Two different compilers are being tested for a 100 MHz. machine with three different classes of instructions: Class A Class B Class C CPI Instruction counts ( billions) Code fromABCTotal Compiler Compiler CPU cyclesExec TimeMIPS Compiler 1 10 billion 100 sec 70 Compiler 2 15 billion 150 sec 80 MIPS example

Performance best determined by running a real application –Use programs typical of expected workload –Or, typical of expected class of applications e.g., compilers/editors, scientific applications, graphics, etc. Benchmarks

Performance best determined by running a real application –Use programs typical of expected workload –Or, typical of expected class of applications e.g., compilers/editors, scientific applications, graphics, etc. Small benchmarks –nice for architects and designers –easy to standardize –can be abused Benchmarks

SPEC (System Performance Evaluation Cooperative) Benchmarks

SPEC (System Performance Evaluation Cooperative) –companies have agreed on a set of real program and inputs Benchmarks

SPEC (System Performance Evaluation Cooperative) –companies have agreed on a set of real program and inputs –can still be abused Benchmarks

SPEC (System Performance Evaluation Cooperative) –companies have agreed on a set of real program and inputs –can still be abused –valuable indicator of performance (and compiler technology) Benchmarks

SPEC95 Eighteen application benchmarks (with inputs) reflecting a technical computing workload

SPEC95 Eighteen application benchmarks (with inputs) reflecting a technical computing workload Eight integer applications –go, m88ksim, gcc, compress, li, ijpeg, perl, vortex

SPEC95 Eighteen application benchmarks (with inputs) reflecting a technical computing workload Eight integer applications –go, m88ksim, gcc, compress, li, ijpeg, perl, vortex Ten floating-point intensive applications –tomcatv, swim, su2cor, hydro2d, mgrid, applu, turb3d, apsi, fppp, wave5

SPEC95 Eighteen application benchmarks (with inputs) reflecting a technical computing workload Eight integer applications –go, m88ksim, gcc, compress, li, ijpeg, perl, vortex Ten floating-point intensive applications –tomcatv, swim, su2cor, hydro2d, mgrid, applu, turb3d, apsi, fppp, wave5 Must run with standard compiler flags –eliminate special undocumented incantations that may not even generate working code for real programs

SPEC fp

Execution Time After Improvement = Execution Time Unaffected + ( Execution Time Affected / Amount of Improvement ) Amdahl's Law

Execution Time After Improvement = Execution Time Unaffected + ( Execution Time Affected / Amount of Improvement ) Example: Suppose a program runs in 100 seconds on a machine, with multiply responsible for 80 seconds of this time. How much do we have to improve the speed of multiplication if we want the program to run 4 times faster? Amdahl's Law

Execution Time After Improvement = Execution Time Unaffected + ( Execution Time Affected / Amount of Improvement ) Example: Suppose a program runs in 100 seconds on a machine, with multiply responsible for 80 seconds of this time. How much do we have to improve the speed of multiplication if we want the program to run 4 times faster? Improved Time = (100 – 80) + 80/n = 100/4 Amdahl's Law

Execution Time After Improvement = Execution Time Unaffected + ( Execution Time Affected / Amount of Improvement ) Example: Suppose a program runs in 100 seconds on a machine, with multiply responsible for 80 seconds of this time. How much do we have to improve the speed of multiplication if we want the program to run 4 times faster? Improved Time = (100 – 80) + 80/n = 100/ /n = = 5n ; n = 16 Amdahl's Law

Execution Time After Improvement = Execution Time Unaffected + ( Execution Time Affected / Amount of Improvement ) Example: Suppose a program runs in 100 seconds on a machine, with multiply responsible for 80 seconds of this time. How much do we have to improve the speed of multiplication if we want the program to run 4 times faster? How about making it 5 times faster? Amdahl's Law

Execution Time After Improvement = Execution Time Unaffected + ( Execution Time Affected / Amount of Improvement ) Example: Suppose a program runs in 100 seconds on a machine, with multiply responsible for 80 seconds of this time. How much do we have to improve the speed of multiplication if we want the program to run 4 times faster? How about making it 5 times faster? Improved Time = (100 –80) + 80/n = 100/5 Amdahl's Law

Execution Time After Improvement = Execution Time Unaffected + ( Execution Time Affected / Amount of Improvement ) Example: Suppose a program runs in 100 seconds on a machine, with multiply responsible for 80 seconds of this time. How much do we have to improve the speed of multiplication if we want the program to run 4 times faster? How about making it 5 times faster? Improved Time = (100 –80) + 80/n = 100/ /n = 20 80/n = 0 Impossible! Amdahl's Law

Performance is specific to a particular program/s –Total execution time is a consistent summary of performance Remember

Performance is specific to a particular program/s –Total execution time is a consistent summary of performance For a given architecture performance increases come from: –increases in clock rate (without adverse CPI affects) Remember

Performance is specific to a particular program/s –Total execution time is a consistent summary of performance For a given architecture performance increases come from: –increases in clock rate (without adverse CPI affects) –improvements in processor organization that lower CPI Remember

Performance is specific to a particular program/s –Total execution time is a consistent summary of performance For a given architecture performance increases come from: –increases in clock rate (without adverse CPI affects) –improvements in processor organization that lower CPI –compiler enhancements that lower CPI and/or instruction count Remember