05/23/14Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 20141 The low and intermediate mass dilepton and photon results Outline: Introduction New results on dileptons.

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05/23/14Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter The low and intermediate mass dilepton and photon results Outline: Introduction New results on dileptons New results on thermal photons Future measurements Summary

05/23/14Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter Penetrating probe of the hot, dense medium Low mass dileptons (M ll <1.1 GeV/c 2 ) (Spectrum and v n versus M ll, p T ) Intermediate mass dileptons (1.1<M ll <3.0 GeV/c 2 ) (Spectrum and v n versus M ll, p T ) vector meson in-medium modifications, link to Chiral Symmetry Restoration QGP thermal radiation, charm correlation modification. Thermal photons (p T <4 GeV/c) (p T spectrum and v n ) QGP thermal radiation, hadron gas thermal radiation Energy and centrality dependence  Constrain T 0, t 0, lifetime, and density profile …

The measurements 05/23/143Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 Experimentdileptondirect photonS/B, purity, acceptance* PHENIX dielectroninternal and external conversion p T >0.4 GeV/c 1/300, 70% in central, p T >0.2 GeV/c, |η|<0.35 STAR dielectroninternal conversion p T >1 GeV/c 1/250, 93% in central, p T >0.2 GeV/c, |η|<1 ALICE dielectronexternal conversion p T >1 GeV/c 3-4%in p+p, 1.5-2% in p+Pb, 99% in p+p, 93% in Pb+Pb p T >0.2 GeV/c, |η|<0.8 NA60 dimuon1/7 for in the whole mass region in In+In collisions without centrality cut. *S/B for inclusive dileptons at M ll =0.5 GeV/c 2, purity and acceptance for electrons. For HADES results, see T. Galatyuk for details.

Dielectron measurements in p+p collisions 05/23/144Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 Charm correlation contribution increases from RHIC to LHC at 0.4<M ee <0.5 GeV/c 2. The cocktail simulation with expected hadronic contributions, is consistent with data in p+p collisions. STAR: C. Yang, Y. Guo ALICE: M. Kohler

Dielectron measurements in d+Au collisions 05/23/145Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 Hadronic cocktail is consistent with data in d+Au collisions. Obtained bbbar cross section per NN at 200 GeV: σ bbbar = 3.4 ± 0.28 ± 0.46 μb. PHENIX: A. Dion, arXiv:

Dielectron measurements in p+Pb collisions 05/23/146Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 Hadronic cocktail is consistent with data in p+Pb collisions. There is no medium radiation observed in p(d)+A collisions. ALICE: M. Kohler

Energy dependence of di-electron spectra 05/23/147Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 STAR results: systematically study the di-electron continuum from 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV. Low mass excess is observed for all the energies. STAR: P. Huck, C. Yang, J. Butterworth, Y. Guo STAR Preliminary

Excess di-electron spectra 05/23/148Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 Excess dielectron mass spectrum in the mass region GeV/c 2 in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions follows Npart 1.54±0.18 dependence. STAR: C. Yang, Y. Guo (poster), arXiv:

Energy dependence of di-electron spectra 05/23/149 Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 A broadened ρ spectrum function consistently describe the low mass excess and its p T dependence up to 2 GeV/c at 19.6, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV. STAR: P. Huck, C. Yang; J. Butterworth, Y. Guo (poster) Model: Rapp & Wambach, priv. communication Adv. Nucl.Phys. 25, 1 (2000); Phys. Rept. 363, 85 (2002) STAR Preliminary

NA60 precise dimuon measurement 05/23/1410Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 NA60 at 17.3 GeV: small charm correlation contribution, vertex detector to reject the charm background, no muon p T cut. Intermediate mass region: measure the temperature of hot, dense medium, determine whether mass spectrum can be smoothly matched with low-mass region. No structure in the mass spectrum would imply Chiral Symmetry Restoration. RHIC energy scan: charm contribution varies when energy is changed, need measure and subtract charm contribution. NA60, PRL100(2008) NA60, AIP. Conf. Proc (2010) 1-10

Towards intermediate mass region 05/23/1411Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 Need independent measurements (e.g. e-muon) of the charm correlation contribution to dilepton continuum in order to access the possible signature of QGP thermal radiation. e-muon correlation with the Muon Telescope Detector in STAR: Y. Guo, arXiv:

e-muon correlation 05/23/1412Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 e-muon (mid-forward rapidity) correlations in d+Au and p+p collisions at 200 GeV. How to connect this mid-forward e-muon correlation to mid-rapidity dilepton physics, need further investigation. PHENIX: A. Dion

p T (GeV/c) 05/23/14Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter Direct photon spectra and elliptic flow v 2 at QM2012 Low p T direct photon elliptic flow measurement could provide direct constraints on QGP dynamics (η/s, T, t 0 …). Excess of direct photon yield over p+p: T eff =221 ± 19 ± 19 MeV in 0-20% Au+Au; substantial positive v 2 observed at p T <4 GeV/c. Excess of direct photon yield over p+p at p T <4 GeV/c: T eff =304 ± 51 MeV in 0-40% Pb+Pb. PHENIX, arXiv: PHENIX: PRL104 (2010) ALICE: Wilde, Safarik

05/23/14Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter Direct virtual photon results from STAR Direct virtual photon spectrum up to 10 GeV/c: an excess is observed compared to N bin scaled p+p expectations at 1<pT<4 GeV/c. low p T η measurement is crucial to reduce systematic uncertainties. STAR: C. Yang

05/23/14Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter Direct soft photon spectra from PHENIX Direct photon spectrum down to 0.4 GeV/c: T eff from the excess p T spectrum, has no centrality dependence. The excess follows Npart 1.48 ±0.08± 0.04 dependence. PHENIX, S. Mizuno, arXiv:

p T (GeV/c) 05/23/14Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter Direct photon v 3 Direct photons have a significant v 3 as pions in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions. PHENIX: S. Mizuno

05/23/14Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter Direct photon in Pb+Pb The systematic uncertainties under critical assessment for p T -spectra and v n. Need low p T p+p reference measurements. ALICE: F. Bock

05/23/14Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter To understand the origin of the excess photons The critical components for the excess photons in A+A are: Background subtraction of decayed photons or two-component fit to the dielectron spectrum. p+p baseline measurement. Next steps: Measure η p T -spectrum at p T <2 GeV/c to constrain the cocktail for the direct virtual photon measurement. Improve π 0, η measurements if possible. Measure p+p reference for p T <2 GeV/c. Measure dilepton v 2 versus p T & M ll : probe the properties of the medium from hadron-gas dominated to QGP dominated. (R. Chatterjee, D. K. Srivastava, U. Heinz, C. Gale, PRC75(2007)054909)

Dielectron v 2 at 200 GeV Au+Au 05/23/1419Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 Cocktail simulation is consistent with the measured inclusive di-electron v 2 at low and intermediate mass region. Cocktail need to be subtracted: require much more data and independent measurement of ccbar contribution to dielectron v 2. Alternative approach: e.g. dimuon channel in the future. STAR: arXiv:

STAR: P. Huck, C. Yang, J. Butterworth, Y. Guo A tool to study Chiral Symmetry Restoration 05/23/1420Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 A broadened spectral function describes di-lepton enhancement from SPS at 17.3 GeV to top RHIC energy from STAR. Coupling to the baryons plays an essential role to the modification of ρ spectral function in the hot, dense medium. CERES: Eur.Phys.J.C41(2005)475 NA60, AIP. Conf. Proc (2010) 1-10

STAR: P. Huck, J. Butterworth A tool to study Chiral Symmetry Restoration 05/23/1421Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter 2014 STAR BESII white paper NA60+: G. Usai 17.3 GeV to 200 GeV: examine in-medium modification effect on the temperature and system evolution considering that the total baryon density is nearly constant GeV: to examine total baryon density effect on the modification. To determine whether the intermediate-mass spectrum can be smoothly matched to low-mass region. Precise di-lepton measurements over a broad beam energy scan at FAIR, SPS, RHIC, and LHC provide a unique opportunity to study Chiral Symmetry Restoration. ALICE: M. Kohler

05/23/14Lijuan Ruan (BNL), Quark Matter Summary Dilepton and Photons: a broadened spectra function describes STAR’s 19.6, 39, 62, and 200 GeV data and SPS dilepton data consistently. Precise dilepton measurements over a broad beam energy scan at FAIR, SPS, RHIC, and LHC provide a unique opportunity to study Chiral Symmetry Restoration. Dielectron excess mass spectrum in the mass region GeV/c 2 in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions follows Npart 1.54±0.18 dependence. Soft photon excess follows Npart 1.48 ±0.08± 0.04 dependence at 0.6<p T <2 GeV/c in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions. Photons show a significant v 2 and v 3 as pions, observed at 200 GeV Au+Au collisions. Models have difficulty to describe photon spectrum and v n simultaneously.