Particle Physics Kihyeon Cho *Transparency from Prof. Young-Kee Kim

What is the world made of? What holds the world together? Where did we come from? the smallest things in the world interactions (forces) between them the Universe’s past, present, and future Particle Physics: physics where small and big things meet, inner and outer space meet Tools ?

Fermilab Chicago Many generations of Accelerators created with higher and higher energy and intensity beams x10 4 bigger x10 6 higher energy, higher intensity beam Ernest Lawrence ( ) ~2000 Scientists Fermilab experiments using accelerators > 2 publications every week ~2 Ph.D.s every week 1930

top quark c b . c.   Z W gluons (proton mass = = ~1GeV/c 2 )

Pier Oddone, DOE SC Planning, April 29, 2009 The triumphs……… The present theory is a remarkable intellectual construction Particle experiments done at the laboratory beautifully fits in this framework Quarks Leptons Force Carriers

Pier Oddone, DOE SC Planning, April 29, 2009 ……………. and the mysteries Neutrino oscillations –2002 Nobel Prize in Physics (Davis + Koshiba) What are neutrinos telling us? –Mass –Mixing parameters –Ani-neutrinos –Matter-antimatter asymmetry Quarks Leptons Force Carriers

Pier Oddone, DOE SC Planning, April 29, 2009 ……………. and the mysteries Why are there so many kinds of elementary particles? Why are there three families of quarks and leptons? Quarks Leptons Force Carriers

Pier Oddone, DOE SC Planning, April 29, 2009 ……………. and the mysteries What is the origin of mass for elementary particles? Higgs yet to be discovered H Quarks Leptons Force Carriers

“ Mechanism of Symmetry Breaking” 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics Nambu(U. Chicago) Kobayashi(KEK) – Maskawa(Kyoto U) Fermilab gate “Broken Symmetry” Wilson Hall

Pier Oddone, DOE SC Planning, April 29, 2009 ……………. and the mysteries Will charged leptons change from one kind to another? Quarks Leptons Force Carriers  e 

Pier Oddone, DOE SC Planning, April 29, 2009 ……………. and the mysteries Do forces become one? Do protons decay? Are there extra dimensions of space? Quarks Leptons Force Carriers

Pier Oddone, DOE SC Planning, April 29, 2009 ……………. and the mysteries Are there new symmetries? Quarks Leptons Force Carriers

……………. and the mysteries Where did all antimatter go?

……………. and the mysteries What is dark matter? It is everywhere, it is five times more abundant than matter. We have strong suspicions of what it is Galaxies are spinning too fast to be held together by gravity of the stars

……………. and the mysteries Not only is the universe expanding, it is accelerating. What is dark energy? Not a clue!

……………. and the mysteries Was there a singularity at the big-bang or is it a cycling universe without a singularity?

What is the world made of? What holds the world together? Where did we come from? Primitive Thinker

Evolved Thinker What is the origin of mass for fundamental particles? Why are there so many kinds of particles? Do all the forces become one? Are there extra dimensions of space? What are neutrinos telling us? Do charged leptons change from one kind to another? Do protons decay? Are there undiscovered principles of nature: new symmetries, new physical laws? What happened to the antimatter? What is dark matter? How can we solve the mystery of dark energy? How did the universe come to be? 21 st Century Questions in Particle Physics Tools ?

E = Mc 2 particle anti particle E Energy Frontier Accelerators

high intensity particle beam M E = Mc 2 Quantum Fluctuation Intensity Frontier Accelerators

high intensity neutrino beam E = Mc 2 Seesaw M Intensity Frontier Accelerators

Dark Matter nuclear recoil Cosmic Frontier Direct detection Indirect detection Intensity Frontier  ~ E Accelerators can produce dark matter in the laboratory and understand exactly what it is. Interplay: Energy – Intensity – Cosmic Frontiers Energy Frontier Cosmic Frontier: Dark Matter

Telescopes (ground, space) Cosmic Frontier: Dark Energy

The Three Frontiers

History of the Universe Accelerators: Energy Frontier Intensity Frontier Cosmic Frontier E = Mc 2

History of the Universe Unification, New Symmetry Towards simple, elegant, complete theory Accelerators: Energy Frontier Intensity Frontier Cosmic Frontier

History of the Universe One Force, Matter+Antimatter, Extra Dimension, New Symmetry, … Four Force, Matter, Origin of Mass, … Accelerators: Energy Frontier Intensity Frontier Cosmic Frontier

Particle Physics Global enterprise Many laboratories have changed missions. A few principle particle physics laboratories in the world Important and healthy to maintain expertise, long term stability, and support in all three regions, and to engage the world wide community More coordination and collaboration US Superbeam Strategy: Young-Kee Kim, Oct. 1- 3, 2009

Energy Frontier: Colliders Fermilab Tevatron CERN LHC Lepton Collider (Technology, Site to be determined)

CERN KEK Fermilab Intensity Frontier: Accelerator-Based Neutrinos Fermilab  Soudan Mine CERN  Gran Sasso KEK  Kamiokande 735 km 732 km 295 km 300  700 kW 30  100 kW  750 kW Fermilab CERN KEK Future: longer distance (>1200km) & higher power (~2MW)

Intensity Frontier: Reactor Neutrinos Double Chooz RENO Daya Bay

Intensity Frontier: Muon, Kaon, Charm, Bottom Fermilab CERN KEK IHEP Frascatti PSI

Cosmic Frontier: Direct Dark Matter Searches AmericaEurope Existing and Potential Underground Laboratories for neutrinos, proton decay & dark matter searches Y2L Asia

US Particle Physics Today National Laboratories –Fermilab Single mission – particle physics –Other laboratories: SLAC, BNL, LBNL, ANL, LANL, … Multi missions including particle physics Particle physics is not the primary mission Universities We need to maintain expertise and uniqueness in laboratories and universities

Fermilab Current Activities and Future Plan

Fermilab today 1900 employees 2300 users (~1/2 from abroad) 6800 acres, park-like site A herd of American bison, symbolizing Fermillab’s presence on the frontiers of particle physics and the connection to its prairie origins

Fermilab Programs at Three Frontiers (Today) Hadron Colliders: Tevatron LHC Neutrinos Supernova Neutrinos Dark Matter Dark Energy UHE Cosmic Rays

Fermilab Programs at Three Frontiers (Future) Hadron Colliders: LHC Neutrinos Muons Supernova Neutrinos Dark Matter Dark Energy UHE Cosmic Rays New Initiatives

Fermilab Programs at Three Frontiers (Future) Hadron Colliders: LHC Project X: Neutrinos Muons Kaons Nuclear Physics Neutrino Factory Lepton Colliders: Sub-TeV: ILC Multi-TeV:  Collider (CLIC) Supernova Neutrinos Dark Matter Dark Energy New Initiatives

Tour of Accelerator Complex at Fermilab

Cockroft-Walton

Linac

Booster

Main Injector

Tevatron

Antiproton Recycler

Tevatron: CDF & DZero Add Antiproton line Reduce the CDF vertical size to match D0 Tevatron CDF and DZero CDF DZero CDF DZero

735 km 300 kW ’s from Main Injector ’s from Main Injector MINOS

’s from Booster ’s from Booster MiniBooNE 735 km 300 kW

Beam for Detector Development 735 km 300 kW

Test Facility for Accelerator Development Super Conducting RF Technology 735 km 300 kW

Test Facility for Muon Cooling 735 km 300 kW

SeaQuest Add a beamline SeaQuest Detector Photo Proton SeaQuest 735 km 300 kW

Neutron Cancer Therapy Patient treatments since 1976

Fermilab Accelerator Complex Operating Simultaneously Tevatron MINOS MiniBooNE MINERvA Detector R&D Accelerator R&D Test Facilities SeaQuest Neutron Cancer Therapy DZero CDF

Physics at the Tevatron mb -  b - nb - pb - fb Higgs Mass [GeV/c 2 ] Total Inelastic bb Z tt - - jets (qq, qg, gg) Higgs WH, ZH WZ Single Top ZZ W Observed so far Cross Section B s mixing, CP, …. Light SUSY, ….

Integrated luminosity (fb -1 ) FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 ~12 fb -1 single top discovery top discovery Charm-mixing B s → Φ Φ diboson channels WZ exclusive ee/GG exclusive charm Bs-mixing Z+b ZZ Y(4140) evidence rare Bs decays ??? Higgs limits Some highlights from the past

m H = GeV (m top =  1.3 GeV) M top (GeV) M W (GeV) GeV 200 GeV 300 GeV 500 GeV 1000 GeV M top : Tevatron M W : Tevatron+LEP2 M higgs = Tevatron SM Higgs Predict Higgs Mass Search for Higgs Tevatron Preliminary (L=2.0 – 5.4 fb -1 )

and some luck Higgs reach with continued analysis improvement running through FY09 (red) FY11(blue) 95%CL exclusion 3  evidence through FY11 through FY09 Favored mass region

Energy Frontier beyond LHC: Lepton Collider LHC Results ILC Enough ILC not enough CLIC Muon collider or  By far the easiest! E < 1 TeV E > 1 TeV p Hadron Collider e - /  - e + /  - Lepton Collider

Energy Cosmic Intensity Compelling Questions in Particle Physics –Require three interrelated frontiers The Energy Frontier The Intensity Frontier The Cosmic Frontier US and Fermilab –a balanced program at 3 interrelated frontiers –Project X (intense proton source) Intensity Frontier Facility (broad physics program) A path back to the Energy Frontier –ILC technology –Front end of a muon collider (and/or factory), Acceleration technology for a muon collider Closing Remarks