The Raven Paradox. 1)DeeDee said she locked the door. 2)If (1), she locked the door. 3)DeeDee locked the door.

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Presentation transcript:

The Raven Paradox

1)DeeDee said she locked the door. 2)If (1), she locked the door. 3)DeeDee locked the door.

1)DeeDee said she locked the door. 2)DeeDee locked the door.

A generalization is a statement of the form All Fs are G.

All dogs are mammals.

All water molecules are such that they include oxygen.

All bodies are such that they attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The Scientific Method: a. observe b. hypothesize c. predict d. test e. draw conclusion

Nicod’s Criterion: (a) A generalization is confirmed (to some degree) by an F that is G. (b) A generalization is disproved by an F that is not G. (c) A generalization is neither confirmed nor disproved by non-Fs that are not G or by non-Fs that are G.

All dogs are mammals.

All non-mammals are non-dogs.

All insects are non-vertebrates.

All non-prescription drugs are habit forming.

1.Every dog has its day. 2.All non-essentials have to be thrown overboard. 3.All non-transitive relations are non-equivalence relations.

Contraposition: All Fs are G is logically equivalent to All non-Gs are non-Fs. Equivalence: Logically equivalent statements are confirmed (or disproved) by the same things.

The Raven Paradox 1)A red herring confirms that all non-black things are non-ravens. 2)The hypothesis that all non-black things are non-ravens is logically equivalent to the hypothesis that all ravens are black. 3)If (1) and (2), then a red herring confirms that all ravens are black. 4)A red herring confirms that all ravens are black.