Reliability © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 4 Four-Stroke Diesel Engine Schematic (without auxiliary units) Fig 1 1 Camshaft 2 Valves 3 Piston 4 Fuel Injection System 5 Cylinder 6 Exhaust-gas Recirculation 7 /Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 5 4-Stroke Diesel Engine Cycle Fig 2 a Induction stroke b Compression stroke c Ignition stroke d Exhaust stroke 1 Inlet-valve camshaft 2 Fuel injector 3 Inlet valve 4 Exhaust valve 5 Combustion chamber/
back up, pushing the spent gases out of the combustion chamber. + Diagram of a 4-Stroke ICE + 2-Stroke and Diesel Engines Two-Stroke Engines: A two-stroke engine combines the intake and exhaust strokes into the power stroke from the four-stroke engine which requires only one stroke each of up and down to complete the cycle. Two-stroke engines have fewer moving parts and a shorter cycle, which makes them cheaper and able to/
(ERMES group) LabEU5 SIEU5 CIEU6 SIEU6 CI TNO57-3 ADAC13-1 TUG55-5 EMPA104 JRC84 LAT31 Total322408 (7 diff. Models) Diesel Euro 5/6 update Available data show that Euro 5 is the highest light duty NOx emission technology ever Considerably lower NOx emissions/ pollutants as a result of their primitive emission control systems a significant number of vehicles are still powered by 2- stroke engines which are known of being high hydrocarbon emitters as the result of scavenging losses and direct in- cylinder lube/
into a rotating motion.heat enginereciprocatingpistonspressurerotating motion Types: – Two-stroke engine Two-stroke engine – Four-stroke engine Four-stroke engine – Six-stroke engine Six-stroke engine – Diesel engine Diesel engine – Atkinson cycle Atkinson cycle – Miller cycle Miller cycle Reciprocating means up/down or back/forth Two-Stroke Engine The two-stroke engine was very popular throughout the 20th century in motorcycles and small-engined devices, such as chainsaws and outboard motors, and was also/
time. 1922 Benz introduces a 2-cylinder, 30 hp 800 rpm tractor engine. 1924 Benz introduces a 4-cylinder, 50 hp 1000 rpm truck engine. 1960- 1970 Peugeot introduces the 404 Diesel followed by the 504 Diesel and the 204 Diesel, the first diesel-powered compact car Displacement Work Devices : Compression Ignition Engine A I R Intake Stroke Power Stroke Air Compression Stroke Combustion Products Exhaust Stroke Air Compression Process Expansion Process/
cylinder with air. In the early phase of intake, the air charge is also used to force out any remaining combustion gases from the preceding power stroke, a process referred to as scavenging. Working of 2-stroke Diesel Engine As the piston rises, the intake charge of air is compressed. Near top dead center, fuel is injected, resulting in combustion due to the extremely high/
2-stroke Gasoline HCCI Combustion System Case Study - 2-stroke Gasoline HCCI Engine /2-stroke – Simulation Results: NOx Emission NOx prediction based on the extended Zeldovich mechanism, considering thermal NO only NOx volume fraction monitored at the far end of exhaust port and averaged over a cycle Correct trend and order of magnitude A general over-prediction of 30% Under-prediction in Case A may be attributed to neglecting prompt NOx Diesel Engine Application Process Combustion System Diesel Engine/
Stroke Diesel Engines Diesel Engine was invented by Rudolph Diesel. It is ignited by compression of gas so it’s also called as compression ignition engine. It is similar to four stroke petrol engine /Stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine 1. The thermodynamic cycle is completed in four strokes of the piston or in two revolutions of crank shaft or 720° of crank angle. The thermodynamic cycle is completed in two strokes of the piston or in one revolution of the crank shaft or 3600 of crank angle 2. One power stroke/
than diesel oil. Both gas oil and diesel oil are used to operate ‘diesel engines’ which are I.C.E. without spark ignition. The diesel engine cycle consists of the following strokes: Air Suction stroke: in which air is sucked inside the cylinder. Air Compression stroke: / angle of delay-several substitute characteristics have been suggested, the most important of which are: 1. Aniline Point 2. Diesel Index This is defined as the “minimum temperature at which two equal volumes of the sample and aniline are/
GAS 2 Stroke Engines Oil & Gas mixed 1 Gallon 2 -Stroke ENGINES USED IN : Chain Saws Weed Eaters 2 - Stroke Engines Oil & Gas mixed together Notice There are no valves LAWN MOWERS Use the right fuel for the engine your are running LOOK AT GAS CAP 710 Fuel Type ? WARNING: Never put gas only in a 2-Stroke engine. THAT WOULD BE BAD NEWS! Two types of fuel GASOLINE DIESEL GAS Diesel engines burn Diesel fuel Gas engines/
liquid coolant circulating in water jacket around engine Water cooled engines have radiator and liquid coolant circulating in water jacket around engine UT Extension Flywheel/Fan Four-Stroke Engines Four strokes* of the engine for one power cycle Four strokes* of the engine for one power cycle Stroke 1 – Intake Stroke 1 – Intake Stroke 2 – Compression Stroke 2 – Compression Stroke 3 – Power Stroke 3 – Power Stroke 4 – Exhaust Stroke 4 – Exhaust * A stroke is one up or down movement of/
reciprocating piston- cylinder arrangements rather than by mass flowing through a series of interconnected components. Considering Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines – Two Types ►Spark-ignition ►A mixture of fuel and air is ignited by a spark plug. ►This/the air. Air-Standard Diesel Cycle ►The Diesel cycle has a two-step power stroke: process 2-3 followed by process 3-4. ►The Diesel cycle compression ratio is: Air-Standard Diesel Cycle ►The Diesel cycle cut-off ratio is: ►Process 2-3 is heat addition /
cycle, which consists of a fixed sequence of events. This cycle may be achieved either in four strokes( 冲程、 行程 ) or two. In a four-stroke diesel engine, the cycle requires four separate strokes of the piston, i.e. suction( 吸气 ), compression( 压缩 ), expansion( 膨胀 ) and / A diesel engine may be designed to work on the two- stroke or on the four-stroke cycle: both of these are explained below. The four-stroke cycle Figure 2 shows diagrammatically the sequence of events throughout the typical four-stroke cycle/
uses the Otto cycle, in which a fuel/air mixture is ignited by a spark plug.internal combustion engineignition combustion chambercompressionpetrol (gasoline) enginegas engineOtto cyclespark plug Diesel engines are manufactured in two stroke and four stroke versions.two strokefour stroke Use in locomotives, large trucks and electric generating plants. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s/
The exhaust system collects the exhaust gases after combustion and carries them away. 1.Removes heat 2.Muffles engine sounds 3.Carries away burned and unburned gases The exhaust system has 3 parts: 1.Exhaust valves – opens /1 Diesel: 16:1 Torque Torque = Twisting Force Torque = Length of the lever X Force Engine Measurement and Performance Cylinder Bore (Diameter) Piston stroke (Travel) Cylinder Bore: The cylinder bore of an engine is the diameter of the engine’s cylinders. Piston Stroke: Piston stroke /
valve are open is called valve overlap. Compression Ignition Engine : We will deal with Compression Ignition engine. The ideal diesel cycle PV diagram is shown in following figure 8. Figure8: Ideal diesel cycle P-V Diagram. Figure9: Four strokes of ideal Diesel cycle. Figure10:Suction stroke Figure11: Compression stroke Intake/Suction Stroke : The same as the intake stroke in an SI engine with one major difference : no fuel is added to/
diesel engines Engine type cm m/s 2-stroke high speed 8,50 ... 13,00 4-stroke high speed 8,00 ... 12,00 Medium speed: main-engine 6,50 ... 9,00 auxiliary-engine 7,00 ... 10,00 2-stroke low speed 5,50 ... 7,00 4-stroke low speed 5,70 ... 7,50 ZA40S The Four Stroke Cycle Engine ZA40S Valve Graph 4-Stroke Cycle Engine ZA40S The First Stroke of 2-Stroke Diesel Engine 1st Stroke/ begins ZA40S The Second Stroke of 2-Stroke Diesel Engine 2nd Stroke (Ignition – Combustion – Expansion – Exhaustion/
engine Steam train Piston engine (Reciprocating engine) Gas turbines & jet engines (G.T & Jet) Spark-ignition engines Electric train Two-stroke engine Electric power stations Activity 8. ANSWERS COMBUSTION ENGINES INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES PISTON ENGINES ROTARY ENGINES STEAM TURBINES STEAM ENGINE SPARK- IGNITION ENGINES COMPRESSIO N-IGNITION ENGINES WANKEL ENGINE GT & JET 4-STROKE ENGINE 2-STROKE ENGINE ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS STEAM TRAIN PETROL CAR SOME MOTORBIKES DIESEL/
.315m. Torque applied = (W-S) x R = 61.803 Nm. Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. Solution: Given, L = 0.2 m, D = 0.16 m. Problem 10: A test on a single cylinder four-stroke diesel engine gave the following while running on full load. Area of indicator card 300mm2, length of diagram 40mm, spring constant 1000bar/m, speed 400 rpm, diameter of cylinder/
11 4 Stroke Engine In this class only four stroke engines The four strokes: 1.Intake Stroke 2.Compression Stroke 3.Power Stroke 4.Exhaust Stroke =>Engine cycle consists of two revolutions Power Stroke and Compression Stroke are combined Intake Stroke and Exhaust Stroke are combined, i.e. inflowing air washes out exhaust gas. => Engine cycle consists of one revolution 12 2 Stroke Engine 13 Gasoline & Diesel Engines Compression Ignition CI Engine Spark Ignition SI Engine Gasoline Diesel 14 Gasoline/
on this account but because of the temperature that can be withstood by exhaust valves, cylinder heads and pistons. Diesel fuel requires about 14.5 times its own mass of air for its complete combustion. 2. TURBOCHARGE FUNCTIONS a) Pressure charging b) Scavenging The more oxygen during the engine compression stroke, the larger the amount of fuel to be ignited and therefore an increased/
fuel inlet valve. Check for leaks & repair as necessary. Clean up any spills. 14 EXCEPTON - FORD POWER STROKE Ford diesel engines built before 1997 are conventional diesel engines and have a single pump. On Ford diesel engines built after 1997, each injector is a pump. The injectors are supplied with diesel fuel from an electric fuel pump that is rated at 80-90 PSI. 15 CONNECTING TO 1997/
surroundings o V V V 2 1 DIESEL CYCLE No fuel in the cylinder at beginning of compression stroke. At the end of the adiabatic compression high temperatures are reached and then fuel is injected fast enough to keep the pressure constant. The injected fuel because of the high temperatures ignites spontaneously without the need for spark plugs. Diesel engines operate at higher temperatures than/
expands) EXHAUST (remove combustion products) THE DIESEL CYCLE FOUR Stroke/Cycle [4 S/C] Engines Each event completed in one stroke INTAKE (TDC BDC) COMPRESSION (BDC TDC) POWER (TDC BDC) EXHAUST (BDC TDC) Cycle completed in TWO revolutions DIESEL CYCLE: Intake STROKE 1 DIESEL CYCLE: Compression STROKE 2 DIESEL CYCLE: POWER STROKE 3 DIESEL CYCLE: Exhaust STROKE 4 DIESEL CYCLE: Intake DIESEL CYCLE: Compression DIESEL CYCLE: POWER DIESEL CYCLE: Exhaust DIESEL CYCLE: P-V Diagram TDC COMPRESSION POWER/
high pressures the fuel, i.e. diesel, starts burning automatically without the need of any external flame. The cycle of operation of the CI engine is completed in four-strokes: suction, compression, expansion, and exhaust A four stroke CI engine consists of the following four strokes. 1. Suction or Intake stroke 2. Compression Stroke 3. Expansion or power stroke 4. Exhaust stroke 1. Suction Stroke: This stroke starts when the piston is at/
’s cam once every two crankshaft revolutions, coinciding of course with the power stroke of its engine cylinder. Each plunger has a spiral groove or helix machined on it’s side/of PRE SUPPLY PUMP The electric fuel pump comprises of: 1.Electric Motor 2.Roller-Cell Pump 3.Non Return Valve The roller cell is driven / FIGURE 4-3 An indirect injection diesel engine uses a prechamber and a glow plug. DIESEL ENGINES Diesel Fuel Ignition Ignition occurs in a diesel engine by injecting fuel into the air /
reproduction or display. FIGURE 9-13 Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines and their P-v diagrams. FIGURE 9-14 Schematic of a two-stroke reciprocating engine. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction / 5 2,6 V = Constant s QH QC Air Standard Cycles The Compression Ignition Engine 9-6 Diesel Cycle: Air Standard Cycles The Compression Ignition Engine The compression ignition engine - the Diesel cycle Air Standard Compression Ignition Engine - The Diesel cycle/
exist. DIESEL ENGINES 1.OPERATING CYCLE 2.CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT 3.PISTON ACTION 4.PISTON CONNECTION 5.ENGINE SPEED 6.ENGINE DRIVE TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINES There are various types and designs of marine diesel engines, mainly /engine Vee engine According to the way the main engine is joined to the shafting: Direct-coupled engine coupled directly to the propeller shafting = direct drive Geared engine coupled to a reduction gearing (gearbox) = indirect drive According to the cycle of operation: Two-stroke engine/
gases are pushed from the cylinder and the cycle starts again. Diesel in context Traditionally found use in industrial applications. More efficient than petrol engines, with efficiency ratings between 20-25%. Equals greater fuel economy and better torque ratings. The Internal Combustion Engine 4 stroke 2 stroke Diesel Engine Activity Choose 3 similar sized cars, one petrol engine, one diesel engine and if possible a hybrid. Compare their emission, fuel economy/
IFAN Workshop 2006 – Beijing, China Dipl.-Ing. Heinz Günter Trost < 3 >< 3 > MAN Group Areas of Activity MAN NutzfahrzeugeMAN Diesel Commercial Vehicles ▪ Trucks ▪ Buses ▪ Engines ▪ Services ▪ 2-stroke ▪ 4-stroke ▪ Services Diesel Engines 2006/10/25© MAN Diesel SE IFAN Workshop 2006 – Beijing, China Dipl.-Ing. Heinz Günter Trost < 4 >< 4 > MAN Group Areas of Activity MAN TURBOMAN Ferrostaal TurbomachineryIndustrial Services ▪ Compressors ▪ Turbines ▪ Reactors ▪ Services ▪ Contracting/
Diesel Cycle Difference between Diesel Engine & Petrol Engine Diesel Cycle Why Otto cycle is Constant Volume cycle and Diesel cycle is Constant Pressure cycle? Diesel Engine Difference between 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines Difference between SI & CI engines Difference between SI & CI engines contd... Why Diesel engines are more fuel efficient? Stirling Cycle Stirling Engine Displacer-type Stirling Engine Stirling Engine Displacer-type Stirling Engine Two-piston Stirling Engine Why Arent Stirling Engines/
- standard Dual cycle (Fig. 3-10) using light diesel fuel at an air-fuel ratio of 18. The compression ratio of the engine is 16:1 and the cylinder bore diameter is 10.0 cm. At the start of the compression stroke, conditions in the cylinders are 60°C and 100 KPa with a 2% exhaust residual. It can be assumed that half of/
RATE OF THE DIFFUSIVE COMBUSTION IS CONTROLLED BY THE RATE OF THE INJECTION. DIESEL ENGINES CAN BE BIG 4 STROKE CYCLE ENGINE 2 STROKE CYCLE ENGINE Spark Ignition Engines Polyspheric Comb. Chamber Spark Ignition Engines Wedge Type Comb.Chamber Spark Ignition Engines I-head Wedge Type Chamber Spark Ignition Engines Hemispherical Comb. Chamber Diesel Engines (DI) Medium Swirl Open Chamber Diesel Engines (IDI) Ricardo Swirl Chamber FUEL PROPERTIES GASEOUS FUEL KEROSENE GASOLINE COLLECTION OF HYDROCARBON/
.Calorific Value44 MJ/kg42 MJ/kg 10.Running CostHighLow 11.Maintenance CostMinorMajor Analysis of Internal Combustion Engines S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.MOAZ HASSAN Comparison : Gasoline Vs. Diesel Engines Sr. No. Gasoline EngineDiesel Engine 1.Working : Otto CycleWorking : Diesel Cycle 2.Suction Stroke : Air / Fuel mixture is taken in Suction Stroke : only Air is taken in 3.Spark PlugFuel Injector 4.Spark Ignition generates PowerCompression Ignition generates/
a large number of the diesel locomotives found in the United States. Currently, 2-stroke Diesels power “super” cargo ships Typical engines have 6 to 14 cylinders (for a total displacement on the order of 1,556,002 cubic inches!). A typical horsepower rating for one of these engines is 43,000 to 109,000HP! 2-Stroke Diesel Engine 2-Stroke Diesel Engine Most powerful engine in the world Most powerful engine in the world Dr/
on the gases during this stroke 4-stroke cycle http://static.howstuffworks.com/flash/diesel.swf Let’s take a closer look The crankshaft and piston Number of cylinders Single-cylinder …engine gives one power stroke per crank revolution (2 stroke) or two revolutions (4 stroke). The torque pulses are widely spaced, and engine vibration and smoothness are significant problems. Used in small engine applications where engine size is more important/
approaches the efficiency of the Otto cycle Higher efficiency is obtained by adding less heat per cycle, Qin, run engine at higher speed to get the same power. Innova Diesel 2.5: DSLA/T Engine Technology Direct Injection Four-Stroke Common-Rail Diesel (D-4D) Type 2.5 Liter Diesel, 4-Cylinder, In-line 16V, Double Overhead Camshaft (Turbo Charged) Displacement 2494 CC Maximum Output 76kW/3600 Maximum/
Diesel First working engine completed 1894 - generated 13 hp Diesel Engine Also known as Compression Ignition Engine (CI) Can this engine “knock”? Difference from Otto Cycle? Thermodynamic Cycles for CI engines In early CI engines the fuel was injected when the piston reached TDC and thus combustion lasted well into the expansion stroke. In modern engines/ of simple cycle Idealized Brayton Cycle Brayton Cycle 1 to 2--isentropic compression 2 to 3--constant pressure heat addition (replaces combustion process)/
types of reciprocating engine cycles analyzed are: 1) Spark ignition – Otto cycle 2) Compression ignition – Diesel cycle Air TC BC Q in Q out Compression Process Const volume heat addition Process Expansion Process Const volume heat rejection Process Otto Cycle Otto Cycle A I R Combustion Products Ignition Intake Stroke FUEL Fuel/Air Mixture Compression Stroke Power Stroke Exhaust Stroke Actual Cycle Process 1 2 Isentropic compression Process/
turns a crankshaft that provides mechanical power mechanical power moves the other parts of the drive train Seven main types of internal combustion engines 2 stroke cycle 4 stroke cycle Compression (diesel) Rotary Rocket Gas Turbine Jet (Hache) Parts of a Two Stroke Engine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuCUmQ9FxMU Sparks Fly Fuel and air in the cylinder have been compressed, and when the spark plug/
, fuel is injected at just the right moment and ignited, forcing the piston back down. Exhaust stroke- The piston moves back to the top, pushing out the exhaust created from the combustion out of the exhaust valve. Diesel engines are more efficient Less pollution of CO 2 Diesel has a higher potential energy than gasoline Compressive detonation is more uniform than spark plugs Bio-mass/
. –less flammable and explosive than gasoline due to lower combustibility. How is Diesel Different from Gasoline?(2) Diesel is Cheaper than Gasoline –Current Cost of a Gallon of Gasoline and Diesel Gasoline = $1.78 Diesel = $1.65 How a Diesel Engine Works Compression Instead of Spark Diesel engines ignite fuel with compression –The piston stroke in a diesel engine results in a compression of the fuel air mixture so intense that it/
Basis : Successful DARPA-Funded 0.1 hp Diesel Engine Goals, Current Status, Residual Challenges, Future Plans 2.700 Watt Heavy-Fueled Micro-Generator Set Basis : Successful DARPA-Funded 1.3 hp Diesel Engine Current Work in Process for DARPA + SOCOM Future Plans : 2-Cylinder Engine, 4-Stroke Engine 3.Future Plans : 2-Cyl. Engine, 4-Stroke Engine Portable Power, Hybrid-Electric Drive, APUs D-STAR Engineering Corporation, All Rights Reserved Approved for Public Release/
of ICE and ECE Three elements for operation History –Otto cycle Mechanism of converting reciprocation to rotation (power production) 4 1.5 BASIC ENGINE STROKES Main topics: 1.summarization 2.four-cycle gasoline engine 3.four-cycle diesel engine 3.two-cycle gasoline engine 4.two-cycle diesel engine 5 Summarization 1.Stroke:Each movement of the piston from top to bottom or from bottom to top is called a/
mixture into the combustion camber How is the A/F pushed into the combustion camber? Animated 2 stroke Other Engine Types Two Stroke Cycle Disadvantages - high wear rate - low torque - lubrication needs to be mixed or injected/ - fast acceleration Other Engine Types Two Stroke Diesel Similar operating principle of the two stoke gasoline engine. However: the crankcase is not used to create pressure! Air is forced by a blower! Other Engine Types Two Stroke Diesel Disadvantages - engine cost - fuel system /
2 Introduction : = Heat engine : It can be defined as any engine that converts thermal energy to mechanical work output. Examples of heat engines include: steam engine, diesel engine, and gasoline (petrol) engine. On the basis of how thermal energy is being delivered to working fluid of the heat engine, heat engine can be classified as an internal combustion engine and external combustion engine/ a carburettor. Four strokes of SI Engine Cycle : Figure5: Compression Stroke Compression stroke: When the piston /
valve timing chart given below. Compression Ignition Engine : We will deal with Compression Ignition engine. The ideal diesel cycle PV diagram is shown in following figure 8. Figure8: Ideal diesel cycle P-V Diagram. Figure9: Four strokes of ideal Diesel cycle. Figure10:Suction stroke Figure11: Compression stroke Four strokes of CI Engine Cycle : Intake/Suction Stroke : The same as the intake stroke in an SI engine with one major difference : no fuel is/
Diesel engine This is the main component of a diesel power plant. The engines are classified as two stroke engine and four stroke engines. Engines are generally directly coupled to the generator for developing power. In diesel engines, air admitted into the cylinder is compressed. At the end of compression stroke/plants cost more to build than thermal or hydro electric power plants of the same capacity. 2.Radioactive wastes must be disposed carefully, otherwise it will adversely affect the health of workers /
travelling back upward, re-covering the intake ports and compressing the fresh charge of air. This is the ”compression stroke”. components in diesel engine 1. Valves : For a two-stroke engine, there may simply be an exhaust outlet and fuel inlet instead of a valve system. 2. Exhaust systems: The exhaust system frequently contains devices to control pollution, both chemical and noise pollution. 3. cooling systems/
lower heating value F/A fuel-air ratio m f /m air n r = number of power strokes / crank rotation = 2 for 4-stroke m air.. Heywood, 1988 10 CEFRC1-1 2014 Part 1: IC Engine Review, 0, 1 and 3-D modeling SGT5-8000H ~530MW Four-stroke diesel pressure-volume diagram at full load 1. Intake: piston moves from TDC to BDC with the intake/
