2. Pop vs. Folk Culture

3. What is Culture? Sum of all the typical activities of a group of peopleSum of all the typical activities of a group of people –Values –Material items –Political institutions Pop/Folk Culture refers to material itemsPop/Folk Culture refers to material items –2 aspects of material culture Survival techniques – food, shelter, clothingSurvival techniques – food, shelter, clothing Leisure activities – art, sports, music, movies, etc.Leisure activities – art, sports, music, movies, etc.

4. Pop (changes from time to time) vs. Folk (changes from place to place) Large groups of people Heterogeneous groups Changes quickly Dispersed – Global scale Ex. Wearing jeans, eating fast food, attending sporting events attending sporting events Small, isolated groups Homogeneous groups Slow to change Clustered – local scale Little interaction w/ others Ex. Wearing a sari, driving a horse and buggy

5. Stable and close knit Usually a rural community Tradition controls Resistance to change Buildings erected without architect or blueprint using locally available building materials anonymous origins, diffuses slowly through migration. Develops over time. Clustered distributions: isolation/lack of interaction breed uniqueness and ties to physical environment. Folk Culture

7. Diffusion of Culture Pop diffuses…? –Hierarchically through major centers i.e. NYC, LA, Chicago, London –Pretty soon, what’s there is here Folk diffuses…? –Relocation i.e. movement of Amish people from PA. to KY.

8. Why is F.C. Clustered? Isolation –Keeps folk cultures from changing much Physical Environment –Limits some choices of how people can survive –BUT REMEMBER POSSIBILISM!! 1.Some cultures in similar environments have different cultural traits 2.Some cultures in different environments have similar cultural traits (pop culture) Some examples of these…

9. a. Food customs (repetitive act of a group is a custom) throughout the U.S. b. Clothing different in similar environments b. Clothing different in similar environments c. Food attractions –Abipone Indians in Paraguay jaguars = strength –Fertility foods?? d. Taboos (especially food taboos) –People in the U.S. don’t eat insects (decent nutritional value) TED talk by Peter Menzel on the local diets of the world http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsYOhRdlpuw People in the U.S. don’t eat insects (decent nutritional value)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsYOhRdlpuwPeople in the U.S. don’t eat insects (decent nutritional value)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsYOhRdlpuw –Religious food taboos (often environmental reasons) Hindus don’t eat beefHindus don’t eat beef Muslims/Jews don’t eat pigsMuslims/Jews don’t eat pigs –Talking on the phone in the bathroom –Americans don’t sunbathe nude 2. Different housing styles: combo of social customs & environment & environment

10. Why Do Folk Cultures survive or NOT? http://www.boredpanda.org/vanishing-tribes-before-they-pass-away-jimmy-nelson/ Stunning portraits of the world’s vanishing tribes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPPxBpTP5hE Before They Pass Away – Jimmy Nelson TED Talk (13.31)

11. Why is P. C. Widely Dispersed? Diffusion of Housing –Housing b/co standard across cultures in MDCs Cheaper to build Built by professionals –Housing varies across time NOT space Diffusion of Clothing –Dress = Status/IncomeDress = Status/Income –(Folk Culture: Dress = Cultural Group) –Clothing choices NOT environmentally driven Diffusion of Food –MDCs consume LOTS of snack foods & alcohol (higher standards of living) –Huge $$$ on advertising to encourage consumption

12. Popular Culture Clothing: Jeans and other clothing have become valuable status symbols in many regions including Asia and Russia despite longstanding folk traditions.

13. Diffusion of TV, 1954–2005 Fig. 4-14: Television has diffused widely since the 1950s, but some areas still have low numbers of TVs per population.

14. Role of Tech. in Diffusion Pop Culture Diffusion of TVDiffusion of TV –Most popular leisure activity in the world –Most popular means of communicating pop culture around the world Most MDC countries have at least 1 TV in every householdMost MDC countries have at least 1 TV in every household Diffusion of the InternetDiffusion of the Internet –Growing means of communicating pop culture –Beginning to diffuse from U.S. to other MDCs more rapidly and now to developing and LDCs

16. Problems Associated w/ Globalization of P. C. Threatens F. C. –Muslims view Western dress as a threat Males lose power over females Miss Afghanistan Problems of looking “Westernized” –Effect on religious taboos and habits Less people observe food/clothing restrictions Negative popular culture transfers (pg. 137) –Increase in prostitution in LDCs –Blood Diamonds (Conflict Diamonds) in Africa MDCs dominate the media (CNN) –Over-represents Western ideas –Focus on negative aspects of LDCs Control Foreign countries economically?

17. Problems Cont. Impact on the EnvironmentImpact on the Environment –Uniform landscapes = most suburban areas VERY similar –Depletion of nat. resources Golf courses use up a lot of landGolf courses use up a lot of landGolf courses use up a lot of landGolf courses use up a lot of land Over-killing of animals for products (Africa)Over-killing of animals for products (Africa) Eating meat instead of grains – inefficient and expensive; Suitability for LDCs??Eating meat instead of grains – inefficient and expensive; Suitability for LDCs?? –Pollution MDCs create MUCH more waste than LDCs (where folk culture is more prevalent)MDCs create MUCH more waste than LDCs (where folk culture is more prevalent)waste (Keep in mind folk cultures also produce waste)(Keep in mind folk cultures also produce waste)

19. Urban Sprawl = Progress? http://www.geographyalltheway.com/igcse_geography/imagesetc/urban_spra wl.gif

20. Popular Culture Effects on Landscape: breeds homogenous, “placeless” (Relph, 1976), landscape  Complex network of roads and highways  Commercial Structures tend towards ‘boxes’  Dwellings may be aesthetically suggestive of older folk traditions Planned and Gated Communities more and more common Disconnect with landscape: indoor swimming pools, desert surfing, indoor ski resort in Dubai.

21. Ski Dubai?

22. Swimming Pool, West Edmonton Mall, Canada McDonald’s, Tokyo, Japan McDonald’s, Jerusalem

23. Countries without a Mickey Ds

25. Linguistics Language @ heart of cultureLanguage @ heart of culture –W/o lang., culture cannot be passed on –Literary tradition  cultural continuity Ideograms v. alphabetsIdeograms v. alphabets Mandarin = oldest surviving writing systemMandarin = oldest surviving writing system Printing press!Printing press! Between 4-8,000 different lang. (depends on definition)Between 4-8,000 different lang. (depends on definition) –(ethnologue.com lists 7,413) ethnologue.com –600+ in Indiamost are –1000+ in Africapreliterate

26. Vocalization is the crucial part of the def. of lang! Xhosa language – South Africa Khoisan – Namibia – Washoe lived at Central Wash. U. She learned 800+ signs in Amer. Sign Lang. AND taught her kids how to communicate!! Vocalization is the crucial part of the def. of lang! Xhosa language – South Africa http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZlp-croVYw Khoisan – Namibia – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nz44WiTVJww – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZlp-croVYw – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nz44WiTVJww

27. I. Language Classification A.Language Family = collection of related langs. with a “prehistoric” ancestor –Indo-European is largest 50%; –Sino-Tibetan (20%) is 2nd –Afro-Asiatic (Northern Africa/Middle East) –Austronesian (Southeast Asia) –Niger-Congo (Sub-Saharan Africa) –Dravidian (India)

28. Diffusion of Indo-European languages The origin of words we use all the time http://www.businessinsider.com/european-maps-showing-origins-of-common-words-2013 11?utm_content=bufferb7d3a&utm_source=buffer&utm_medium=facebook&utm_campaign=Buffer

29. Hungarian surrounded by Indo-European languages! Why?

30. B. Language Branch Collection of related langs. w/ a more recent ancestorCollection of related langs. w/ a more recent ancestor More recent language divergenceMore recent language divergence Indo-European has 8 branches:Indo-European has 8 branches: –4 major: Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, Indo-IranianGermanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian –4 minor: Hellenic, Albanian, Celtic, ArmenianHellenic, Albanian, Celtic, Armenian

31. C. Language Group Common modern ancestor w/ similar vocab. and grammarCommon modern ancestor w/ similar vocab. and grammar –Ex: West Germanic v. North Germanic –English is West Germanic D. Language i.e. English, Hindi, Arabic, etc.

32. E. Dialects: Standard vs. vulgar Standard language (standard “dialect”)Standard language (standard “dialect”) 1.Sets quality of a lang., (part of cultural ID & national concern) 2.May be sustained by gov’t policies (ex: tests for teachers or officials) 3.Powerful people decide the standard language Ex of standard lang.:Ex of standard lang.: –Chinese = “Mandarin” –British English = “British Received Pronunciation” –Sec of State. Kerry English NOT Pres. Bush English –American Sign Language

33. Why is BRP and American English so different? What cohorts left Britain for the USA?What cohorts left Britain for the USA? –Mostly lower/middle class immigrants (not speakers of BRP) –Webster  “national” American English dialect B/c of time and isolation vocab. & pronunciation considerably differentB/c of time and isolation vocab. & pronunciation considerably different –Different words for new inventions –Examples??? –American vs. British English.. http://esl.about.com/library/vocabulary/blbritam.htm?once=true &terms=british-american

34. English Dialects http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UgpfSp2t6k Amy Walker 21 Accents (2:36) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NriDTxseog Amy Walker, How to do an American accent? (6:40) Some other great video clips to introduce you to dialects and variations in language. The cockney pronunciation segment from My Fair Lady (the Rain in Spain) and the hilarious clip of Lucy and Ricky discussing how they (Ricky) will teach their child proper English pronunciation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJr9SSJKkIIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJr9SSJKkII (4:47) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g10jFL423hohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g10jFL423ho (5:25) http://www.businessinsider.com/southern-sayings-2013-10 13 Southern Sayings that the rest of America will not understand http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VSdYaX114Q Jeff Foxworthy Words of the South

35. Vulgar Dialects Variants of the standard lang.Variants of the standard lang. –Regional accents reveal origin –Dialects marked by diff. in vocab. = “isogloss” –Isogloss = line separating 2 diff. words 4 same concept Isogloss Ex. “Coke” vs. “soda” vs. “pop” Ex. “Coke” vs. “soda” vs. “pop” Ex. “Crabbing” http://www.reelseo.com/best-vimeo-videos- november-2013/http://www.reelseo.com/best-vimeo-videos- november-2013/ Regional Variations –More common  dialects differ in pronunciation More common  dialects differ in pronunciationMore common  dialects differ in pronunciation IF 2 dialects become “mutually unintelligible”  two separate languages emerge  “language divergence”IF 2 dialects become “mutually unintelligible”  two separate languages emerge  “language divergence”

36. Language Divergence The basic process: time and isolation 1.Separation 2.Time & isolation  branch into dialects 3.Dialects remain isolated 4.Pronunciations change, new words created for new discoveries 5.More time & isolation  dialects become discrete languages  “mutually unintelligible” –Ex. Vulgar Latin  Romance Languages How does this relate to time-distance decay?How does this relate to time-distance decay?

37. II. Languages of the World Our goal… Know what language/ language branch/ language family is spoken in almost every place on Earth!! 1.Mandarin = most common primary lang. Chinglish. Can it be translated to English? Chinglish. Can it be translated to English? http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/05/03/world/asia/20100503_CHINGLISH.html?_r=0 http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/05/03/world/asia/20100503_CHINGLISH.html?_r=0 2.English = 2 nd just passed … Spanish is 3 rd then Hindi and Arabic. *English lang. of 100s of millions lang. of 100s of millions lang. of 100s of millions –English official lang. 40+ countries –2 billion+ in a country w/ English official language –Who is #2 in English speakers b/h U.S.? (India =“ 398 scheduled languages, 11 extinct”; 22 official languages) Many not mutually understood. Each state has an official language! 3. *Could English be spoken in some places JUST for business and not casually? Why and where? Six Official languages of U.N.? _________________

38. Languages of Europe 1.Indo-Euro. lang. dominates 2.Language map & pol. boundaries usually overlap –SW Europe is ___Romance___ –NW Europe is __Germanic______ –E. Europe is ____Slavic___ –(Keep in mind Estonia, Hungary and Finland – Uralic language family)

40. European Languages cont. Romance languages dominate in 5 statesRomance languages dominate in 5 states E. boundary of Germ. = Germanic  Balto- Slavic tonguesE. boundary of Germ. = Germanic  Balto- Slavic tongues Believed Uralic lang. spread 7000-10,000 years agoBelieved Uralic lang. spread 7000-10,000 years ago Basque language = mystery in history = “isolated lang.”Basque language = mystery in history = “isolated lang.”

41. Langs of India Langs of India http://www.mapsofindia.com/culture/indian-languages.html http://www.mapsofindia.com/culture/indian-languages.html 4 lang. fams4 lang. fams –Indo-Euro. most speakers –Dravidian 2 nd –Who cares about other 2 families?? Austroasiatic and Indo-Pacific 15 major lang.; all but four are Indo- European (Bengali and Hindi most common)15 major lang.; all but four are Indo- European (Bengali and Hindi most common) Dravidian langs clustered in SE (Tamil/Telugu)Dravidian langs clustered in SE (Tamil/Telugu) Pol. divisions reflect regional langsPol. divisions reflect regional langs Hindi is the main Indo-Euro lang. (Indo- Iranian branch) w/ 300+ million speakersHindi is the main Indo-Euro lang. (Indo- Iranian branch) w/ 300+ million speakers

42. Languages of Africa 1.Most preliterate 2.Grouped into 4 fams North Africa = Central Africa = Kalahari-Namib = South Africa = 3.Largest fam.= Niger-Congo 4.Oldest are the Khoisan languages (clicks) clicks

43. Mandarin: One lang. or many? (Sino-Tibetan family) 1. World's oldest written lang. 2. Spoken by the greatest contiguous pop. cluster on Earth 3.Divided by dialects that are mutually unintelligible –Mandarin dominates with about 900 million speakers –Written lang. ALWAYS same  unifying force –Several efforts have been made to create a truly national language… today’s pinyin pinyin

44. South America Impact of ColonialismImpact of Colonialism Treaty of Tordesillas divided New World into 2 spheres:Treaty of Tordesillas divided New World into 2 spheres: –Western “half” = Spain –Eastern “half” = Portugal

45. Proto-Indo-European Language Hearth and Diffusion

46. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) lang? Indo-European lang = world's most commonIndo-European lang = world's most common Proto-Indo-EuropeanProto-Indo-European (common ancestor of Indo-European) Use reverse lang. diverg. to guess all I-E langs came from ONE lang.Use reverse lang. diverg. to guess all I-E langs came from ONE lang. –Similar words Similar wordsSimilar words –Hypothesize about origin?

47. Diffusion of P.I.E lang? A.C onquest theory 1.O riginated N of Black Sea (steppes of Ukraine/Russia) 2. Lang. diffused west thru conquest! Superior tech. (wheel) Domesticated horses

48. Historical Spread of the Chariot (Years are BC)

49. B. Agriculture Theory 1.D iffusion by SHARING ag. Techniques/spread of farming 2.O rigin: Anatolia in Turkey (hilly words) 3.S upporting evidence: –F–F–F–Few words for plains but many for relief landforms –F–F–F–Few words for trees/animals that live on the plains –L–L–L–Leading hearth of ag. innovation nearby (Mesopotamia) –S–S–S–Some genetic evidence

50. III. Globalization vs. Local Diversity Our goal: To be able to answer 2007’s FRQ well!!:Our goal: To be able to answer 2007’s FRQ well!!:Our goal: To be able to answer 2007’s FRQ well!!:Our goal: To be able to answer 2007’s FRQ well!!: Globalization of lang.Globalization of lang. –Lingua franca? –Any common language spoken by peoples w/ diff. native tongues. (business purposes) –Exs: Swahili, Indonesian, Russian, Hausa, Arabic –English (most important) Technology, Navigation, Education, Pop Culture, Tourism, FinanceTechnology, Navigation, Education, Pop Culture, Tourism, Finance –Negative correlation b/t lingua franca & min. lang.

51. Swahili Swahili has become the lingua franca of East AfricaSwahili has become the lingua franca of East Africa http://www.glcom.com/hassan/lessons/useful_swahili_words.html –Developed from African Bantu languages, Arabic, and Persian –Has a complex vocabulary and structure

52. Language Replacement Stronger culture forces lang. on less advanced peopleStronger culture forces lang. on less advanced people Colonialism’s linguistic legacy:Colonialism’s linguistic legacy: –Acculturation or assimilation? –Latin America – Treaty of Tordesillas –Africa –USSR –UK today Globalization of L. F. + Lang. Rep. may = language extinctionGlobalization of L. F. + Lang. Rep. may = language extinction –(Sanskrit, Cornish, Native American lang., etc.)

53. Pidgin Mixture of 2 or more langs; allows comm. b/t speakers of different tongues.Mixture of 2 or more langs; allows comm. b/t speakers of different tongues. –Simple grammar  easier to learn easier to learneasier to learn –Few synonyms –Learned as second languages. aka “Contact Language”aka “Contact Language” Ex: Spanglish, Chinglish, Franglais, African pidginsEx: Spanglish, Chinglish, Franglais, African pidgins

54. Creole and Creolization 1. Pidgins  mother tongue a) Process = “Creolization” b) 2 languages blend together = one native language Ex. Swahili, Afrikaans, French Creole 2. Stable over time, complex grammar & vocab 3.Difficult to distinguish b/t dialect/pidgin/creole 4.Rubenstein = “lang. resulting from mixing of colonizer’s lang w/ indigenous lang.”

55. Preservation of Local Diversity Minority lang. revival because…Minority lang. revival because… –Maintenance of a unique culture Amer. IndiansAmer. Indians Quebecois in CanadaQuebecois in Canada Spanish-speakers in the U.S.Spanish-speakers in the U.S.Spanish-speakers in the U.S.Spanish-speakers in the U.S. –Force for devolution (transfer of power away from central gov’t.) Basques in SpainBasques in Spain Maori in New Zealand (local autonomy)Maori in New Zealand (local autonomy) –Gov’t attempting to promote unity = “centripetal force” 22 official lang. in India22 official lang. in India 11 official lang. of South Africa11 official lang. of South Africa 2 official lang. in Belgium2 official lang. in Belgium 2 official lang. in Canada2 official lang. in Canada

56. Preservation cont. Promote nationalism w/i a group of people = “centripetal force”Promote nationalism w/i a group of people = “centripetal force” –Hebrew in Israel –Gaelic in Ireland/Scotland –Quebec banning non-French signs & ads Use of technologyUse of technology –Maintaining and reinforce lang –Welsh TV programs/radio stations –Spanish speakers w/ Spanish TV stations To attract touristsTo attract tourists –Unique experiences! –Signs & topynyms changed to reflect native culture

57. Multilingualism VERY few monolingual states –Ex: Japan, Portugal, Poland, Venezuela, Lesotho –Most even have some people w/ minority lang. Japan: 500,000+ Koreans Venezuela indigenous langs Linguistic fragmentation = cultural pluralism?Linguistic fragmentation = cultural pluralism? Multilingual states = centrifugal force?Multilingual states = centrifugal force?

58. Multilingualism Case Studies A. NigeriaA. NigeriaNigeria –Unimaginable linguistic diversity – legacy of colonialism (some source suggest 500+ languages –4 major regional lang. (Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, and Fulani) –~12 major local languages spoken by 1 to 5 million people –Adopted English as its "official language” Has precluded major cultural conflict based on languageHas precluded major cultural conflict based on language Caused problems for children first entering school knowing only traditional languagesCaused problems for children first entering school knowing only traditional languages Only spoken by small, urban minorityOnly spoken by small, urban minority

59. Multilingualism Case Studies B. Canada –Large French-speaking territory w/ even larger English-speaking area –French law and language sustained in Quebec –French language was protected in parliament and in the courts –Language divides the country –60 Minutes – War of Words - Quebec Language Wars http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKOGgYaqwhg (7:44) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKOGgYaqwhg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iki-pwrCpE8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iki-pwrCpE8 (5:24) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iki-pwrCpE8

60. Will Quebec succeed and secede?

61. Multilingualism Case Studies C. Belgium –Dutch-speaking region in the north & French- speaking region in the south –Another Velvet divorce? –Brussels (capital) officially bilingual, French- speaking majority –Language regions separate Romance and Germanic branches of Indo-European

62. Multilingualism Case Studies Belgium Conflict has been largely nonviolent Languages/ethnic issues dominate politics

63. D. Russia:During USSR the Russian language became the lingua franca

64. Multilingualism Case Studies F. Switzerland German speaking (63.7%), French speaking (20.4%), Italian speaking (6.5%), Romansch (0.5%)

65. Official languages Serve different purposes –Used to enhance communication & unity among peoples who speak diverse traditional languages –Former African colonies sometimes adopt European languages –Creating an official language has caused problems for some countries Ex: When Hindi was given official status in India, riots and disorder broke out in non-Hindi areas –Some former colonies chose two or more official languages

66. What is the official language of the USA?

67. 30 states have declared English their official language

68. Why is it ironic that Britain does not have an official language?

69. The European Union 20 official languages its annual translation cost is 1.3 billion They include: Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ 2005/02/0222_050222_translation.html http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ 2005/02/0222_050222_translation.html

70. Toponymy The systematic study of place names –Place names can reveal much about the contents of a culture area Place names will change/can cause controversy –Post Cold War  Soviet Union cities went back to pre-Communism names –South Africa  with new gov’t, change old names or not?? –Post-Colonial African/Asian countries/cities –Hartsfield-Jackson Airport

74. Literary Traditions + Technology Printing press and rise of national states a)Invented in 1588, in Germany b)Allowed for unprecedented production of texts c)Luther Bible for German and King James Bible for English Knowledge is no longer hierarchically diffused

75. True or False If people of a large region speak languages that are somewhat different but still closely related, it is reasonable to conclude they migrated into that region relatively recently. Languages with a common root but which are very different from each other indicate long-term modification.

76. Toponymy Historian George Stewart classified place names into ten categories a)Descriptive—Rocky Mountains b)Associative—Mill Valley, California c)Incident—Battle Creek, Michigan d)Possessive—Johnson City, Texas e)Commendatory—Paradise Valley, Arizona f)Commemorative—San Francisco g)Folk-etymology—Plains, Georgia, or Academia, Pennsylvania h)Manufactured—Truth or Consequences, New Mexico i)Mistake—–names involving historic errors in identification or translation

77. Nostratic Russian scholars have long been in the forefront of research on ancient languages (what else do they have to do??) a)Vladislav Illich-Svitych and Aharon Dolgopolsky (1)Studied independently of each other (2)Came to similar conclusions pre-Proto-Indo-European language named Nostratic

78. Nostratic No names for domestic plants or animals so the people were hunters and gatherers, not farmers May date back 14,000 years Believed to be the ancestral language for many other languages Nostratic links widely separated languages

79. What was vulgar Latin? Vulgar Latin in Roman Empire (roads) Collapse by Germanic tribes led to Vulgar Latin’s evolution to 5 Romance lang. What if two dialects reach a point of mutual unintelligibility?

80. The Greenberg hypothesis Proposed the migration to the Western Hem must have occurred much earlier than 12-13,000 years ago Why? There are 200 lang. families there and only 40 in the Old World

81. LANGUAGE REPLACEMENT 15-18th centuries Latin America Treaty of Tordesilla’s Line of Demarcation 1490’s Creolization occurred in many places 18-20th centuries Africa and Asia Africa and Berlin Conference 19th Century Page 425 Primarily France and Britain (BRP) 20 th century USSR and ELLBUMGAATUTKK Today: 3 rd generation rule

82. Origins of Pop and Folk Pop originates (usually) in MDCsPop originates (usually) in MDCs –Where do most movies people watch worldwide come from? Bollywood vs. Hollywood vs. NollywoodBollywood vs. Hollywood vs. NollywoodBollywood Slumdog Millionaire Folk originates often anonymously or in one or multiple hearths (we often know very little about the origin of folk cultural traits)Folk originates often anonymously or in one or multiple hearths (we often know very little about the origin of folk cultural traits) –Who was the first hula dancer in Hawaii? –Who cares?

83. Defining language Defining language Systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, gestures, marks, or especially articulate vocal soundsSystematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, gestures, marks, or especially articulate vocal sounds –Animals use symbolic calls, but only humans have developed complex vocal communication systems

84. The Esperanto experiment 1.An effort to create a world language during the early twentieth century 2.Europeans were becoming more multilingual 3.Few wanted to learn another language that did not have practical utility FYI for those with no life! http://www.esperanto.ca/kurso/alphabet.htm