1. Database Programming Sections 9 & 10 – DDL Data Definition Language,

2. Marge Hohly2 Data Definition Language DDL  Data Definition Language DDL ALTER TABLE DROP TABLE RENAME TRUNCATE COMMENT

3. Marge Hohly3 ALTER TABLE  Use ALTER TABLE to: ADD a new column (Always goes at the end of the table) MODIFY an existing column (Change data type, size, or default value – see restrictions) Define a DEFAULT value for a column DROP COLUMN (Cannot drop all columns) SET UNUSED/DROP UNUSED

4. Marge Hohly4 ALTER TABLE Examples  ALTER TABLE copy_items ADD(price number(8));  ALTER TABLE copy_items MODIFY(price number(7));  ALTER TABLE copy_items DROP COLUMN price;  adding a new column  modifying an existing column width, datatype, default value only affects subsequent insertions  dropping a column – one at a time must have at least one column left

5. Marge Hohly5 ALTER TABLE Examples cont’d  ALTER TABLE copy_items SET UNUSED (qty_on_hand);  ALTER TABLE copy_items DROP UNUSED COLUMNS;  set unused so it can be dropped later – no access once set unused  reclaim disk space

6. Marge Hohly6 TRUNCATE  Removes all rows in a table  Releases storage space where as DROP does not release storage space  Example: TRUNCATE TABLE copy_items;

7. Marge Hohly7 COMMENT ON TABLE  Table Example: COMMENT ON TABLE items IS ‘Inventory items begin with a default qty_on_hand of zero’; View this comment using: SELECT * FROM USER_TAB_COMMENTS;  Column Example: COMMENT ON COLUMN copy_items.qty_on_hand IS ‘begin with a default value of one’; View this comment using DESC copy_items;

8. Marge Hohly8 CONSTRAINT TYPES  NOT NULL Constraints  UNIQUE Constraints  PRIMARY KEY Constraints  FOREIGN KEY Constraints  CHECK Constraints

9. Marge Hohly9 Defining CONSTRAINTS  What are constraints? Database rules  Constraints always have a name Given by you/DBA when constraint is created (preferred method because names are meaningful) Given by the system when constraint is created (names are not meaningful)

10. Marge Hohly10 Defining CONSTRAINTS  Two Ways to Define Constraints during Table Creation Table-Level  If the word CONSTRAINT is used in the CREATE TABLE statement, the constraint must be given a name  Composite-key constraints must be defined at the table-level Column-Level  NOT NULL must be defined at the Column- Level

11. Marge Hohly11 Defining CONSTRAINTS  Table-Level Constraints – at the bottom EXAMPLE: CREATE TABLE copy_employees( employee_id NUMBER(6), first_name VARCHAR2(20), job_id VARCHAR2(10), CONSTRAINT cemp_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY(employee_id), CONSTRAINT cemp_job_id_fk FOREIGN KEY(job_id) REFERENCES jobs(job_id), CONSTRAINT cemp_first_name_uk UNIQUE (first_name), CONSTRAINT cemp_emp_id_ck CHECK (employee_id<=999999)); Note: The words “Foreign Key” are Used at the table level

12. Marge Hohly12 NAMING at TABLE LEVEL  Constraint naming format table_col_type  CONSTRAINT constraint_name TYPE OF CONSTRAINT(column_name) CONSTRAINT cemp_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY(employee_id) CONSTRAINT cemp_emp_id_lname_pk PRIMARY KEY(employee_id,last_name )  CONSTRAINT constraint_name TYPE OF CONSTRAINT(column_name) REFERENCES othertablename(column_name) CONSTRAINT cemp_job_id_fk FOREIGN KEY(job_id) REFERENCES copy_jobs(job_id),

13. Marge Hohly13 NAMING at COLUMN LEVEL  Column Level Assigning A Constraint Name:  System Named: column_name datatype() TYPE OF CONSTRAINT employee_id NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY  User Named: column_name datatype() CONSTRAINT constraint name TYPE OF CONSTRAINT employee_id NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT c2emp_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY  Foreign Key: column_name datatype() CONSTRAINT constraint_name TYPE OF CONSTRAINT (column it is on) REFERENCES othertablename(column_name)

14. Marge Hohly14 Defining CONSTRAINTS  Column-Level Constraints Example: CREATE TABLE copy2_employees( employee_id NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT c2emp_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY, CONSTRAINT c2emp_emp_id_ck CHECK(employee_id<=999999), first_name VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT c2emp_first_name_nn NOT NULL, last_name VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT c2emp_last_name_nn NOT NULL, address VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT c2emp_address_ck NOT NULL, job_id VARCHAR2(10) CONSTRAINT c2emp_job_id_fk REFERENCES copy_jobs(job_id));

15. Marge Hohly15 Adding Constraints AFTER Table is created:  First, create a table that does not already have constraints: CREATE TABLE copy3_employees( employee_id NUMBER(6), first_name VARCHAR2(20), last_name VARCHAR2(20), department_id NUMBER(4));

16. Marge Hohly16 Adding Constraints AFTER Table is created:  Secondly, add the constraints: ALTER TABLE copy3_employees ADD CONSTRAINT emp3_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY(employee_id); ALTER TABLE copy3_employees ADD CONSTRAINT emp3_emp_id_fk FOREIGN KEY(department_id) REFERENCES copy_departments(department_id);

17. Marge Hohly17 Adding Constraints AFTER Table is created:  NOTE!!! For NOT NULL constraints, use the MODIFY keyword in the ALTER TABLE statement instead of ADD ALTER TABLE copy3_employees MODIFY (first_name CONSTRAINT emp3_first_name_nn NOT NULL);  NOT NULL constraints can only be added if the column does not already contain null values

18. Marge Hohly18 Miscellaneous Constraint Information...  If the word CONSTRAINT is used in a CREATE TABLE statement, the constraint must be given a name  Constraints that contain more than one column are called composite key constraints and must be specified at the table level by placing a comma between the column names  There is no limit to the number of CHECK CONSTRAINTS that can be specified for a column

19. Marge Hohly19 Miscellaneous FK Constraints Information...  Another name for FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINTS is REFERENCIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS  When specifying FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINTS, the table that contains the PRIMARY KEY is called the PARENT TABLE. The table that contains the FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT is called the CHILD TABLE.

20. Marge Hohly20 DISABLING CONSTRAINTS  Constraints can be disabled Examples:  ALTER TABLE copy3_employees DISABLE CONSTRAINT emp3_emp_id_pk;  ALTER TABLE copy3_employees DISABLE CONSTRAINT emp3_emp_id_pk CASCADE; This will cause any FOREIGN KEY that references this primary key to also be disabled.

21. Marge Hohly21 ENABLING CONSTRAINTS  EXAMPLES: ALTER TABLE copy3_employees ENABLE CONSTRAINT emp3_emp_id_pk Note: This does not enable the foreign key in the child tables

22. Marge Hohly22 DROPPING CONSTRAINTS  Examples : ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT TYPE (column_name)[CASCADE]; ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT name[CASCADE]; ALTER TABLE c_clients DROP PRIMARY KEY CASCADE;

23. Marge Hohly23 Viewing Constraint  Use the DESCRIBE command to confirm its existence.  DESCRIBE can only verify is the NOT NULL constraint.  NOT NULL constraint appears in the data dictionary as a CHECK constraint.  Use a query of the USER_CONSTRAINTS table to view all constraints on your table.  SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type FROM user_constraints WHERE TABLE_NAME ='table_name';  SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type FROM user_constraints WHERE TABLE_NAME ='COPY3_EMPLOYEES‘;

24. Marge Hohly24 QUERY THE DATA DICTIONARY SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type, table_name, status FROM user_constraints;  Types: P = Primary Key R = Foreign Key (Referential) C = Check (Includes NOT NULL) U = Unique

25. Marge Hohly25 Viewing Constraint  SELECT constraint_name, column_name FROM user_cons_columns WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEES';

26. Marge Hohly26 Viewing Constraints