1. Pyrex Grp. 8 Jacob Cua Justin Jao AJ Pineda Berns Mitra

2. Intro To understand how Pyrex is unique it is important to understand the nature of glass itself. Glass is a state of matter that has characteristics similar to both crystalline solids and liquids. On a macroscopic level glass appears to be like solids. However, on a molecular level, glasses are more like liquids. In crystalline solids, molecules are arranged in an orderly fashion. In liquids they are randomly arranged. This random arrangement is also a characteristic of glass.

3. Pyrex Pyrex is a technical borosilicate glass composition from Corning with excellent thermal properties. A low coefficient of thermal expansion allows a good heat shock resistance. Has a good acid resistance and a high optical transmission over a wide wavelength range. This makes Pyrex a versatile material for many different special glass applications. Pyrex can be ground, polished and coated according to custom specific requirements. Pyrex is made from a special Borosilicate Glass but some products are also made from soda-lime glass. Both Borosilicate and Soda-lime glass are tempered glass, glass that were subject to extreme heat and cooling multiple times to make them stronger. This makes it less likely to expand or contract due to temperature.

4. Going through heat until red hot. Then cooling at a very cold temperature Then Repeat

5. Pyrex When Pyrex was being developed, scientists were trying to make a glass that had a high thermal resistance. At some point it was discovered that glass compositions with Boron could be heated to high temperatures without breaking. Boron(5 th element in the periodic chart)- has the unique ability to create a lot of different chemical bonds. When bonded with oxygen it can create a three dimensional object that is strong. In a glass composition, this extra strength gives it thermal and chemical resistance. Pyrex also has a low alkali content that gives it high corrosion resistance.

6. Borosilicate Glass This was created by Otto Scott, a 19 th century German Glass maker is a type of glass which includes at least five percent boric oxide The boric oxide makes the glass resistant to extreme temperatures, and improves resistance to chemical corrosion Today, soda-lime glass is used instead of borosilicate glass, as it is generally cheaper

7. Borosilicate composition This glass is made of: 70% silica, 10% boron oxide, 8% sodium oxide, 8% potassium oxide, and 1% calcium oxide (lime)

8. Soda-Lime Glass It is glass made by fusion of sand with sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate and lime, or limestone Most common type of industrially produced glass Similar to Borosilicate Glass(cheaper materials)

9. Properties High thermal resistance Low thermal expansion Good thermal shock resistance Low Specific weight Less fragile than normal glass When it breaks, it is easier to clean up

10. Uses - Laboratory glassware - Kitchen glassware - Telescope lens - Mirrors/ used for reflections

11. Sources http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-borosilicate-glass.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosilicate_glass http://www.pgo-online.com/intl/katalog/pyrex.html www.glassonline.com/infoserv/dictionary/569.html http://www.answers.com/topic/soda-lime- glass#ixzz1BBS159ZZhttp://www.answers.com/topic/soda-lime- glass#ixzz1BBS159ZZ http://www.answers.com/topic/pyrex http://www.rfroyce.com/pyrex.htm

12. Image Sources http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cromwell.co.uk/static/products/g/jeeps/387/lab 3872001a.eps_large.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cromwell.co.uk/PRX3872002B&usg=__svG- Wx2utmgmM_vInBzrxuJc3cY=&h=463&w=500&sz=33&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=wg6E Q- 9wOJ6QoM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=148&ei=bg80TYmVLs2ecf3BiaEH&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpyr ex%2Blab%2Bequipment%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26rls %3Den%26biw%3D1279%26bih%3D680%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C3&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vp x=272&vpy=375&dur=3676&hovh=216&hovw=233&tx=105&ty=172&oei=bg80TYmVLs2ecf3 BiaEH&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=32&ved=1t:429,r:24,s:0&biw=1279&bih=680http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cromwell.co.uk/static/products/g/jeeps/387/lab 3872001a.eps_large.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cromwell.co.uk/PRX3872002B&usg=__svG- Wx2utmgmM_vInBzrxuJc3cY=&h=463&w=500&sz=33&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=wg6E Q- 9wOJ6QoM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=148&ei=bg80TYmVLs2ecf3BiaEH&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpyr ex%2Blab%2Bequipment%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26rls %3Den%26biw%3D1279%26bih%3D680%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C3&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vp x=272&vpy=375&dur=3676&hovh=216&hovw=233&tx=105&ty=172&oei=bg80TYmVLs2ecf3 BiaEH&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=32&ved=1t:429,r:24,s:0&biw=1279&bih=680 http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.7hop.com/images_products/Buy_Cheapest_Py rex_6021224_Storage_10_Piece_Set.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.7hop.com/Buy-Cheapest-Pyrex- 6021224-Storage-10-Piece- Set&usg=__LIFsAGsHgStHtrO_JAbRLhsLhbI=&h=337&w=500&sz=21&hl=en&start=0&zoom =1&tbnid=Cs9lup7FUbqhCM:&tbnh=167&tbnw=248&ei=Cg80TdKGM4nQcbieoNAH&prev=/i mages%3Fq%3Dpyrex%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26sa%3 DN%26rls%3Den%26biw%3D1279%26bih%3D680%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc& vpx=862&vpy=140&dur=1282&hovh=184&hovw=274&tx=119&ty=198&oei=3A40TaecK5OXc b3n0aoH&esq=11&page=1&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0 http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.7hop.com/images_products/Buy_Cheapest_Py rex_6021224_Storage_10_Piece_Set.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.7hop.com/Buy-Cheapest-Pyrex- 6021224-Storage-10-Piece- Set&usg=__LIFsAGsHgStHtrO_JAbRLhsLhbI=&h=337&w=500&sz=21&hl=en&start=0&zoom =1&tbnid=Cs9lup7FUbqhCM:&tbnh=167&tbnw=248&ei=Cg80TdKGM4nQcbieoNAH&prev=/i mages%3Fq%3Dpyrex%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26sa%3 DN%26rls%3Den%26biw%3D1279%26bih%3D680%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc& vpx=862&vpy=140&dur=1282&hovh=184&hovw=274&tx=119&ty=198&oei=3A40TaecK5OXc b3n0aoH&esq=11&page=1&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0

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14. Image Sources http://img.hisupplier.com/var/userImages/2008- 12/02/labware$045505993%28s%29.jpghttp://img.hisupplier.com/var/userImages/2008- 12/02/labware$045505993%28s%29.jpg http://ecx.images- amazon.com/images/I/4112PEYK2FL.jpghttp://ecx.images- amazon.com/images/I/4112PEYK2FL.jpg http://www.antiquesextant.com/images/13inTeles copeCh.jpghttp://www.antiquesextant.com/images/13inTeles copeCh.jpg http://www.opulentitems.com/assets/images/mirr orstep2.JPGhttp://www.opulentitems.com/assets/images/mirr orstep2.JPG