1. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay General Reactions Dr. Ron Rusay

2. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay General Chemical Reactions  Any chemical reaction can be described as a molecular or atomic change. It produces one or more observable changes.  e.g. color change, gas bubbles, heat, etc.  Reactions are generally described as Reactant(s) --> Product(s)  The reaction is written as a chemical equation with chemical formulas: 2 Na + Cl 2 --> 2 NaCl 2 Na + Cl 2 --> 2 NaCl

3. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay The Reaction of Sodium & Chlorine

4. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay Chemical Equations  Chemical equations describe the change(s) in Reactant(s) to Product(s) including physical state(s).  Notations: (g), (l), (s), (aq)  2 Na (s) + Cl 2(g) --> 2 NaCl (s)  Others: arrows for gas ( ) and solid ( )  for heat, for reversibility (equilibrium)  for heat, for reversibility (equilibrium)

5. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay Types of Chemical Reactions  Combination (Synthesis)  Decomposition  Single Displacement  Double Displacement  Combustion  Others: Precipitation, Oxidation- Reduction, Neutralization

6. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay General Chemical Reactions

7. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay Chemical Reactions  Combination (Synthesis)  A + B -----> C  Example: H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) -----> H 2 O (g) H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) -----> H 2 O (g) Balancing (Conservation of Atoms): Balancing (Conservation of Atoms): 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) -----> 2 H 2 O (g) 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) -----> 2 H 2 O (g)

8. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay Synthesis of Water

9. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay An Unwanted Synthesis of Water Combustion & the Hindenburg 1937

10. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay Chemical Reactions  Decomposition  A ----> B + C  2 NI 3 (s) ---> N 2 (g) + 3 I 2 (s)

11. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay Decomposition  Another example: Potassium chlorate (s) + heat -----> Potassium chlorate (s) + heat -----> potassium chloride (s) + oxygen (g) Balanced equation: ? Balanced equation: ?

12. Ammonium nitrate, when heated, decomposes into nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, and water vapor. What is the sum of the coefficients in the balanced equation using smallest integer coefficients? A) 3B) 5C) 7D) 9 QUESTION

13. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay Chemical Reactions � Single Displacement � AB + C ----> CB + A � Example: HCl (aq) + Mg (s) ----> MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) HCl (aq) + Mg (s) ----> MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) Balanced Equation: ? Balanced Equation: ?

14. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay Single Displacement (Oxidation / Reduction) � Write a balanced equation for the following reaction:

15. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay Chemical Reactions  Double Displacement  AB + CD ----> AD + CB  Example: A solution of sodium phosphate reacts with a solution of silver nitrate to produce aqueous sodium nitrate and a precipitate of silver phosphate. A solution of sodium phosphate reacts with a solution of silver nitrate to produce aqueous sodium nitrate and a precipitate of silver phosphate. Balanced equation: ? Balanced equation: ?

16. © Copyright 1995-2010 R.J. Rusay Chemical Equations Combustion:Combustion: C 8 H 18(l) + O 2(g) -----> CO 2(g) + H 2 O (l)  Oxygen reacts with octane to produce carbon dioxide and water.  Reminder: the equation must balance:   2 C 8 H 18(l) + 25 O 2(g) -----> 16 CO 2(g) +18 H 2 O (l) 16 CO 2(g) +18 H 2 O (l)

17. QUESTION

18. Consider the molecular view of reactants converted to a product in the boxes shown below: Which balanced equation best represents this reaction? A) NO + Cl 2 → Cl 2 NOB) 2 NO + Cl 2 → 2 ClNO C) N 2 + O 2 + Cl 2 → 2 ClNOD) NO + Cl → ClNO QUESTION