2. Chapter 11 APUSH Mrs. Price “Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.” – Abraham Lincoln

3. Southern Economy Shift to Cotton Most important economic development Short-staple cotton

4. Shift in Economic Power: Lower South Upper South: relied on tobacco (unstable market) Coastal South: relied on rice (irrigation, long growing season) Gulf Coast: sugar (heavy competition)

5. Southern Agriculture

6. Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports

7. In 1820s: cotton production spread rapidly By 1850s: most important Southern crop Dominated deep south & prompted population migration

8. Other Economic Development Textile & Iron manufacturing - Insignificant compared to agriculture - Upper south Everything linked to plantation economy

9. Inadequate Transportation System Little investment in internal improvements Few canals, roads unsuitable Railroads expanded in 1840s-1850s; most lines short & local Principal means of transportation: water

10. Some warned of unequal relationship between North & South James B.D. DeBow

11. Why was the South so different? Profitability of agriculture Southerners had capital invested in land & slaves Other arguments (climate, work habits)

12. White Society in the South Planter Class Small Farmers The Poor

13. Planter Class Whites who owned 40-50 slaves & 800+ acres Controlled political, economic, & social life

14. A Real Georgia Plantation

15. Small Farmers “Plain Folk” Owned few slaves; ¾ owned none Planted subsistence or small cash crops “Hill people”: backcountry, did not support secession

16. Chart: Total Deaths About 1,150,000 Southern white families owned no slaves---75% About 384,000 Southern white families owned 1 slave or more--- 25% Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000…. (Number of slaves) %

17. Chart/slave owners Out of the 25% of slaveowners, here is the breakdown of the number of slaves. 75% owned 1 to 9 slaves. 22% owned 10 to 49 owned slaves. 3% owned 50 or more slaves. 384,000 1860

18. The Poor 500,000 in 1850 Lived on marginal lands Few owned lands

19. Free Blacks 1861: 250,000 in South Mostly in VA & MD Bought freedom or set free by masters 1833: laws changed & it became more difficult to set free slaves (after Turner Rebellion)

20. Slavery Isolated South from rest of American society Slave codes: regulated slavery (enforcement was spotty) - Could not teach them to read or write - Could not congregate after dark - Could not own a firearm

21. Picture/Cotton Kingdom No political or civil rights to protect slavesNo political or civil rights to protect slaves U.S. was the largest slave institution in the world by 1860U.S. was the largest slave institution in the world by 1860 U.S. produced 7/8’s of world’s cotton supplyU.S. produced 7/8’s of world’s cotton supply Peculiar Institution, to own another human being is immoral.Peculiar Institution, to own another human being is immoral. Cotton is King/King CottonCotton is King/King Cotton South was not willing to changeSouth was not willing to change Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest of the U.S.Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest of the U.S.

22. 2 Systems of Slave Labor Task System - Rice Gang System - Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar

23. Life of Slaves Were given food & clothing Lived in cabins High death rate Financial incentive to protect slaves (importation banned) Used hired labor for dangerous tasks

24. Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a Southern plantation.

25. Slave Master Brands Slave Accoutrements Slave muzzle

26. Slave tag, SC Slave Accoutrements Slave leg irons Slave shoes

27. Slaves in Cities Hired out as laborers or worked in textile mills Slavery in cities declined as cities grew

28. Slave Trade Markets: New Orleans, Mobile, Galveston, & Natchez $500 – 1700 for a good field hand Illegal smuggling continued until 1850s

29. Slave Resistance Dominant response: adaptation & resistance Running away (The Underground Railroad) refusal to work hard, acts of sabotage, stealing

30. Map/Underground RR Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad existed as early as 1786. It was started by the Quakers and spread through most of the North by 1830. Underground Railroad One estimate places the number of African Americans who escaped through the Underground Railroad between 1830 and 1860 at 50,000. Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad provided food, shelter, and hiding places to runaway slaves as they escaped to Canada Fugitive Slave LawViolated the Fugitive Slave Law

31. Map/Underground RR

32. Slave Revolts 1800: Gabriel Prosser - Richmond, VA - plan to seize arsenal thwarted 1822: Denmark Vesey - Charleston, SC - planned uprising discovered

33. Nat Turner (1831) Southampton County, VA Slave preacher tried to begin a slave uprising Armed revolt; killed 60 whites Lasted 2 days 3,000+ of state militia were sent to put down the rebellion Over 100 blacks were executed; Turner was captured 6 weeks later

34. Nat Turner Rebellion Arrest of Nat Turner Tree Nat Turner was hung on Slave Revolts/Turner

35. Slave Culture Language & music important Way of coping with enslavement Religion – developed own version of Christianity - more emotional - emphasized dream of freedom & deliverance