1. LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT Landscapes -

2. LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT Landscapes – the result of the interaction of crustal materials with geologic forces, climate and people.

3. LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT Landscapes – the result of the interaction of crustal materials with geologic forces, climate and people. Some ways we can observe and describe landscapes are by their:

4. LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT Landscapes – the result of the interaction of crustal materials with geologic forces, climate and people. Some ways we can observe and describe landscapes are by their: Hill Slopes which include shape, gradient and other characteristics.

5. LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT Landscapes – the result of the interaction of crustal materials with geologic forces, climate and people. Some ways we can observe and describe landscapes are by their: Hill Slopes which include shape, gradient and other characteristics. waxing slope free face debris slope waning slope

6. LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT Landscapes – the result of the interaction of crustal materials with geologic forces, climate and people. Some ways we can observe and describe landscapes are by their: Hill Slopes which include shape, gradient and other characteristics.

7. LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT Landscapes – the result of the interaction of crustal materials with geologic forces, climate and people. Some ways we can observe and describe landscapes are by their: Hill Slopes which include shape, gradient and other characteristics. Stream Patterns which include slope, direction, shape, drainage area and drainage density.

8. Relief

9. Relief – how much variation there is in land elevation.

10. High relief has lots of hills and valleys.

11. Relief – how much variation there is in land elevation. High relief has lots of hills and valleys.

12. Relief – how much variation there is in land elevation. High relief has lots of hills and valleys. Low relief is fairly flat or rolling; mostly the same elevations.

13. Mountains have high relief and deformed rock layers.

14. Plateaus have low relief, but an overall high elevation. They may also have relatively horizontal rock structure.

16. Plains have low relief and low elevation; horizontal rock structure.

18. Boundaries between landscape regions tend to be well defined

19. Boundaries between landscape regions tend to be well defined (mountains, lakes, or other natural boundaries may separate them).

20. Boundaries between landscape regions tend to be well defined (mountains, lakes, or other natural boundaries my separate them). Most continents have several distinct landscape regions.

21. New York State has many distinctive landscape regions -

22. Boundaries between landscape regions tend to be well defined (mountains, lakes, or other natural boundaries my separate them). Most continents have several distinct landscape regions. New York State has many distinctive landscape regions – due to a large number of bedrock variations.

24. Boundaries between landscape regions tend to be well defined (mountains, lakes, or other natural boundaries my separate them). Most continents have several distinct landscape regions. New York State has many distinctive landscape regions – due to a large number of bedrock variations. (It’s also the reason why NYS has so many soil associations.)

26. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results.

27. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth:

28. Wind & water,

29. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces,

30. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate,

31. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics,

32. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects.

33. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) -

34. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) – build up mountains and enlarge continents.

35. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) – build up mountains and enlarge continents. The forces originate within the crust and include diastrophism

36. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) – build up mountains and enlarge continents. The forces originate within the crust and include diastrophism (faults & folds), earthquakes, volcanism and

37. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) – build up mountains and enlarge continents. The forces originate within the crust and include diastrophism (faults & folds), earthquakes, volcanism and isostacy

38. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) – build up mountains and enlarge continents. The forces originate within the crust and include diastrophism (faults & folds), earthquakes, volcanism and isostacy (the crust trying to find balance).

39. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) – build up mountains and enlarge continents. The forces originate within the crust and include diastrophism (faults & folds), earthquakes, volcanism and isostacy (the crust trying to find balance). Leveling forces (destructive) -

40. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) – build up mountains and enlarge continents. The forces originate within the crust and include diastrophism (faults & folds), earthquakes, volcanism and isostacy (the crust trying to find balance). Leveling forces (destructive) – include the erosional – depositional system.

41. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) – build up mountains and enlarge continents. The forces originate within the crust and include diastrophism (faults & folds), earthquakes, volcanism and isostacy (the crust trying to find balance). Leveling forces (destructive) – include the erosional – depositional system. At any one time, one force (or agent of erosion) may be more dominant.

42. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) – build up mountains and enlarge continents. The forces originate within the crust and include diastrophism (faults & folds), earthquakes, volcanism and isostacy (the crust trying to find balance). Leveling forces (destructive) – include the erosional – depositional system. At any one time, one force (or agent of erosion) may be more dominant. This may result in changes in hill slope, drainage patterns,

43. Landscapes develop through very complex processes, producing various results. These processes are at work all over the earth: Wind & water, uplifting & leveling forces, climate, bedrock characteristics, and people’s effects. Uplifting forces (constructive) – build up mountains and enlarge continents. The forces originate within the crust and include diastrophism (faults & folds), earthquakes, volcanism and isostacy (the crust trying to find balance). Leveling forces (destructive) – include the erosional – depositional system. At any one time, one force (or agent of erosion) may be more dominant. This may result in changes in hill slope, drainage patterns, or orographic wind patterns.

44. Climate’s effect on landscapes:

45. 1. Arid -

46. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind;

47. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed.

48. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid -

49. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid – overall there’s more weathering and erosion

50. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid – overall there’s more weathering and erosion, so hills are rounder; there’s more soil and vegetation.

51. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid – overall there’s more weathering and erosion, so hills are rounder; there’s more soil and vegetation. Stream Characteristics:

52. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid – overall there’s more weathering and erosion, so hills are rounder; there’s more soil and vegetation. Stream Characteristics: 1. Arid -

53. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid – overall there’s more weathering and erosion, so hills are rounder; there’s more soil and vegetation. Stream Characteristics: 1. Arid – streams are often seasonal,

54. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid – overall there’s more weathering and erosion, so hills are rounder; there’s more soil and vegetation. Stream Characteristics: 1. Arid – streams are often seasonal, and sediment doesn’t go far.

55. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid – overall there’s more weathering and erosion, so hills are rounder; there’s more soil and vegetation. Stream Characteristics: 1. Arid – streams are often seasonal, and sediment doesn’t go far. There’s a less developed drainage area.

56. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid – overall there’s more weathering and erosion, so hills are rounder; there’s more soil and vegetation. Stream Characteristics: 1.Arid – streams are often seasonal, and sediment doesn’t go far. There’s a less developed drainage area. 2.Humid -

57. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid – overall there’s more weathering and erosion, so hills are rounder; there’s more soil and vegetation. Stream Characteristics: 1.Arid – streams are often seasonal, and sediment doesn’t go far. There’s a less developed drainage area. 2.Humid – streams are permanent and sediment is carried very far;

58. Climate’s effect on landscapes: 1.Arid – there’s less water erosion and more from wind; the slopes are steeper and soils are less developed. 2.Humid – overall there’s more weathering and erosion, so hills are rounder; there’s more soil and vegetation. Stream Characteristics: 1.Arid – streams are often seasonal, and sediment doesn’t go far. There’s a less developed drainage area. 2.Humid – streams are permanent and sediment is carried very far; more developed drainage area.

59. Bedrock has a great effect on landscapes.

60. 1. Competence

61. Bedrock has a great effect on landscapes. 1. Competence (resistance to erosion)

62. Bedrock has a great effect on landscapes. 1.Competence (resistance to erosion) a. Hard rock underlies plateaus, mountains and escarpments.

63. Bedrock has a great effect on landscapes. 1.Competence (resistance to erosion) a. Hard rock underlies plateaus, mountains and escarpments. b. Soft rock underlies valleys and plains.

64. Bedrock has a great effect on landscapes. 1.Competence (resistance to erosion) a. Hard rock underlies plateaus, mts. and escarpments. b. Soft rock underlies valleys and plains. There are thick soils and meandering streams.

65. Bedrock has a great effect on landscapes. 1.Competence (resistance to erosion) a. Hard rock underlies plateaus, mts. and escarpments. b. Soft rock underlies valleys and plains. There are thick soils and meandering streams. 2. Structural features such as folds and faults can produce mountains and plateaus.

66. Bedrock has a great effect on landscapes. 1.Competence (resistance to erosion) a. Hard rock underlies plateaus, mts. and escarpments. b. Soft rock underlies valleys and plains. There are thick soils and meandering streams. 2.Structural features such as folds and faults can produce mountains and plateaus. Humankind can have good and bad effects on the landscape

67. Bedrock has a great effect on landscapes. 1.Competence (resistance to erosion) a. Hard rock underlies plateaus, mts. and escarpments. b. Soft rock underlies valleys and plains. There are thick soils and meandering streams. 2.Structural features such as folds and faults can produce mountains and plateaus. Humankind can have good and bad effects on the landscape (mostly bad).