1. Functional Verification I Prepared by Stephen M. Thebaut, Ph.D. University of Florida Software Testing and Verification Lecture Notes 21

2. Overview of Functional Verification Topics Lecture Notes #21 - Functional Verification I Introduction Verifying correctness in program reading, writing, and validation Complete and sufficient correctness Compound programs and the Axiom of Replacement Lecture Notes #22 - Functional Verification II Correctness conditions and working correctness questions: sequencing and decision statements

3. Lecture Notes #23 - Functional Verification III Iteration Recursion Lemma (IRL) (Very Cool!) Termination predicate Correctness conditions for while_do statement Sufficient correctness conditions Correctness conditions for repeat_until statement Subgoal Induction Lecture Notes #24 – Functional Verification IV Invariant Status Theorem (EXTREMELY Cool!) While Loop Initialization Overview of Functional Verification Topics

4. Today’s Topics: Introduction Verifying correctness in program reading, writing, and validation Complete and sufficient correctness Compound programs and the Axiom of Replacement

5. Introduction What is functional verification? A methodology originally developed by Mills for verifying program correctness with respect to an intended function specification. It represents a viable alternative to the axiomatic verification method developed by Hoare and Floyd.

6. Introduction (cont’d) References: Linger, Mills, & Witt, Structured Programming: Theory and Practice, Addison-Wesley, 1979. Dunlop & Basili, “A Comparative Analysis of Functional Correctness,” Computing Surveys, Vol. 14, No. 2, June 1982. † Linger, “Cleanroom Software Engineering for Zero- Defect Software,” Proceedings, 15th Int. Conf. on Soft. Eng. (1993), IEEE Computer Society Press. † † Required readings.

7. Tasks in Program Reading, Writing, and Verification Program Reading: –Abstract a given program construct (e.g., an if_then_ else statement) into a hypothesized function f. –To confirm that your understanding of the program is correct, show: f = [if p then G else H]

8. Tasks in Program Reading, Writing, and Verification (cont’d) Program Writing: –Expand a given function f into a hypothesized program construct (e.g., an if_then_else statement). –To confirm that your expansion of f into a program is correct, show: f = [if p then G else H]

9. Tasks in Program Reading, Writing, and Verification (cont’d) Program Verification: –You are given both function f and its hypothesized program expansion (e.g., an if_then_ else statement). –To confirm the correctness of the hypothesized program expansion with respect to f, show: f = [if p then G else H]

10. Tasks in Program Reading, Writing, and Verification (cont’d) In all three cases, the final task is to confirm the equivalence (or subset relationship) of two expressions, each representing the function of a program.

11. Complete and Sufficient Correctness Given a function f and a program P (claimed to implement f ), correctness is concerned with one of two questions: 1.Is f = [P] ? (“Is f equivalent to the function computed by P ?”) – A question of complete correctness. 2.Is f  [P] ? (“Is f a subset of the function computed by P ?”) – A question of sufficient correctness.

12. Complete and Sufficient Correctness (cont’d) In the case of complete correctness, P computes the correct values of f for arguments in D(f) only; [P] is undefined (P does not terminate) for arguments outside D(f). In the case of sufficient correctness, P may compute values from arguments not in D(f). Note that, by definition, f = [P] implies f  [P]

13. Correctness Relationships f [P][P] f [P][P] [P], f f [P][P] (X,Y) f  (X,Y)  [P] (X,Y) f  (X,Y)  [P]

14. Example For integers x,y consider the function: f = (y≥0  x,y := x+y,0) and the programs: P 1 = while y>0 do x,y := x+1,y-1 P 2 = while y<>0 do x,y := x+1,y-1 Use heuristics to hypothesize functions for P 1 and P 2 and compare these to f.

15. Example (cont’d) Consider P 1 = while y>0 do x,y := x+1,y-1 y>0  y=0  y<0  f = (y≥0  x,y := x+y,0)

16. Example (cont’d) Consider P 2 = while y<>0 do x,y := x+1,y-1 y>0  y=0  y<0  f = (y≥0  x,y := x+y,0)

17. Example (cont’d) Both programs satisfy sufficient correctness. (Both correctly compute f(x,y) for y≥0.) Only P 2 satisfies complete correctness. (P 1 terminates for negative y.)

18. Defensive Programming: Handling Invalid Inputs f and P can be redefined to handle invalid inputs: f’ = (y≥0  x,y,z := x+y,0,z | true  x,y,z := x,y,‘error’) P’ = if y<0 then z := ‘error’ else while y>0 do x,y := x+1,y-1 end_while end_if_then_else Does f’ = [P’] ?

19. Exercise Given P = if x>=y then x,y := y,x f 1 = (x>y  x,y := y,x | true  I) f 2 = (x>y  x,y := y,x | x<y  I) f 3 = (x≠y  x,y := y,x) Fill in the following “correctness table”: f1f1 f2f2 P f3f3 “Identify” function: x,y := x,y C=Complete (and Sufficient) S=Sufficient (only) N=Neither

20. Compound Programs and the Axiom of Replacement The algebraic structure of compound program P permits decomposition into a hierarchy of abstractions. The proof of correctness of P is thereby decomposed into a proof of correctness of each such abstraction.

21. Compound Programs and the Axiom of Replacement (cont’d) For example, to show that compound program F implements function f, where F = if p then G else H and G, H are themselves programs: –hypothesize functions g, h and attempt to prove g = [G] and h = [H]

22. Compound Programs and the Axiom of Replacement (cont’d) –If successful, use the Axiom of Replacement to reduce the problem to proving f = if p then g else h –If successful again, you will have proved f = [F]

23. Compound Programs and the Axiom of Replacement (cont’d) Thus, the Axiom of Replacement allows one to prove the correctness of complex programs in a bottom-up, incremental fashion. In the next lecture, we consider correctness conditions for sequencing and decision statements.

24. Functional Verification I Prepared by Stephen M. Thebaut, Ph.D. University of Florida Software Testing and Verification Lecture Notes 21