1. Karin L. Lightfoot Walden University

2. Objectives Upon completion of the presentation, the viewer will be able to: 1. Report the amount of bottled water consumption in the United States. 2. Identify the governing agencies that regulate water safety. 3. Discuss three environmental health concerns related to bottled water. 4. State two ways that bottled water effects the environment.

3. Drinking Water Water is vital for life (United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency, 2009) Water comes from a variety of sources (United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency, 2009) Stay hydrated for good health (United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency, 2009) References: United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency. (2009). Nutrition- Water. Retrieved from http://girlshealth.gov/nutrition/basics/water.cfm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

4. Beliefs About Bottled Water Study participants believed bottled water had health benefits (Ward et al., 2009) Main reason most people bought bottled water was for convenience (Ward et Ward et al., 2009) References: Ward, L. A., Cain, O. L., Mullally, R. A., Holliday, K. S., Wernham, A. G. H., Baille, P. D., & Greenfield, S. M. (2009). Health benefits about bottled water: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9(196). doi: 10.1186/1471-24586/1471-2458-9-196. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/196 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

5. Bottled Water Consumption Second most popular beverage purchased in the United States Soft drinks are the most popular (United States Food and Drug Administration, 2009) Americans drank over 9.1 billion gallons of bottled water in 2011 (International Bottled Water Association, 2012) References: United States Government Accountability Office. (2009).Bottled water. FDA and consumer protections are often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf International Bottled Water Association. (2012). U. S. consumption of bottled water shows significant growth, increasing 4.1 percent in 2011. Retrieved from http://www.bottledwater.org/content/us-consumption-bottled-water-shows-significant- growth-increasing-41-percent-2011

6. Safe Drinking Water Regulations (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009) Community Water- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Safe Drinking Water Act Bottled Water- United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act References: United States Government Accountability Office. (2009).Bottled water. FDA and consumer protections are often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

7. FDA Standards FDA regulates water source and bottling conditions (United States Food and Drug Administration, 2009) FDA standards mostly similar to EPA standards (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009) Differences include info shared with consumers and standard levels for DEHP (potentially harmful compound used in plastics) (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009) References: United States Food and Drug Administration. (2011). FDA regulates the safety of bottled water beverages. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/UCM239631.pdf United States Government Accountability Office. (2009).Bottled water. FDA and consumer protections are often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf

8. BPA Bottled water is often packaged in plastic bottles (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012) BPA is a chemical found in plastics (National Toxicology Program, 2010) Widespread exposure (National Toxicology Program, 2010) Health concerns (National Library of Medicine, 2012; National Toxicology Program, 2010) References: National Library of Medicine. (2012). Tox town. Bisphenol A. Retrieved from http://www.toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=69 National Toxicology Program. (2010). Bisphenol A (BPA). Retrieved from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/bisphenol-a-factsheet.pdf United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Plastics. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/waste.conserve/materials/plastics/htm

9. Protection from BPAs Reduce risk of leaching (Cheng, Adams, & Ma, 2010) Avoid heat Wash containers prior to use Use of Non-BPA Containers (Cooper, Kendig, & Belcher, 2010) Stainless steel or aluminum water bottles References: Cheng, X., Shi, H., & Ma, Y. (2010). Assessment of metal contaminations leading out from recycling plastic bottles upon treatments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 17(7), 1323-30. Cooper, J. E., Kendig, E. L., & Belcher, S. M. (2011). Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminum and stainless steel water bottles. Chemosphere, 85(6), 943-947.

10. Cryptosporidium Parasite Common water-borne illness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011a) Causes gastro-intestinal illness (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011a) Risk to immune compromised (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012) Not all processing effective against Crypto (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 101o; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012) References: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Commercially bottled water. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/bottled/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011).Bottled water and fluoride. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/print.do;jsessionid=96EC7F3413908B9DBAD9302CC52AC564.node1?url=htt p%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffluoridation%2Ffact_sheets%2Fbottled_water.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

11. Fluoride Fluoride protects oral health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Not all bottled water contains fluoride Read the label Be cautious of dental fluorosis A discoloration in the teeth (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011b; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011c) References: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b).Bottled water and fluoride. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/print.do;jsessionid=96EC7F3413908B9DBAD9302CC52AC564.node1?url=http%3A% 2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffluoridation%2Ffact_sheets%2Fbottled_water.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011c). Dental fluorosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/dental_fluorosis.htm#2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

12. Energy Use Imagine a water bottle…. (National Geographic Kids, n. d.) Energy required to process and deliver bottled water (Gleick & Cooley, 2008) Estimated 2000 times energy needed for tap water (Gleick & Cooley, 2008) Between 32 to 54 Million barrels of oil (Gleick & Cooley, 2008) References: Gleick, P. H. & Cooley, H. S. (2009). Energy implications of bottled water. Environmental Research Letters, 4, 1-6. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014009. Retrieved from http://iopscience.iop.org/1748- 9326/4/1/014009/pdf/erl9_1_014009.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp

13. Reducing Plastic Bottle Waste Recycling Not all plastic bottles are recycled (United States Food and Drug Agency, 2012; National Geographic Kids, n. d., International Bottled Water Association, 2012) Alternate options Tap verses Bottled Water (Food & Water Watch. 2007) References: Food & Water Watch. (2007). Take back the tap. Retrieved from http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/TakeBackTheTap_web.pdf International Bottled Water Association. (2012). U. S. consumption of bottled water shows significant growth, increasing 4.1 percent in 2011. Retrieved from http://www.bottledwater.org/content/us-consumption-bottled- water-shows-significant-growth-increasing-41-percent-2011 National Geographic Kids. (n. d.). Drinking water: Bottled or from the tap? Retrieved from http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/stories/spacescience/water-bottle-pollution/ United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Plastics. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/waste.conserve/materials/plastics/htm

14. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Commercially bottled water. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/bottled/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011a). Parasites cryptosporidium also known as crypto. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b).Bottled water and fluoride. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/print.do;jsessionid=96EC7F3413908B9DBAD9302CC52AC56 4.node1?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffluoridation%2Ffact_sheets%2F bottled_water.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011c). Fluorosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/dental_fluorosis.htm#2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). A guide to commercially- bottled water and other beverages. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/gen_info/bottled.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Public health image library. Retrieved from http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/quicksearch.asp Cheng, X., Shi, H., & Ma, Y. (2010). Assessment of metal contaminations leading out from recycling plastic bottles upon treatments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 17(7), 1323-30.

15. References Cooper, J. E., Kendig, E. L., & Belcher, S. M. (2011). Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminum and stainless steel water bottles. Chemosphere, 85(6), 943-947. Food & Water Watch. (2007). Take back the tap. Retrieved from http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/TakeBackTheTap_web.pdf Gleick, P. H. & Cooley, H. S. (2009). Energy implications of bottled water. Environmental Research Letters, 4, 1-6. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014009. Retrieved from http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/1/014009/pdf/erl9_1_014009.pdf International Bottled Water Association. (2012). U. S. consumption of bottled water shows significant growth, increasing 4.1 percent in 2011. Retrieved from http://www.bottledwater.org/content/us-consumption-bottled-water-shows- significant-growth-increasing-41-percent-2011 National Geographic Kids. (n. d.). Drinking water: Bottled or from the tap? Retrieved from http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/stories/spacescience/water-bottle- pollution/ National Library of Medicine. (2012). Tox town. Bisphenol A. Retrieved from http://www.toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=69 National Toxicology Program. (2010). Bisphenol A (BPA). Retrieved from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/bisphenol-a-factsheet.pdf

16. References United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency. (2009). Nutrition- Water. Retrieved from http://girlshealth.gov/nutrition/basics/water.cfm United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Plastics. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/waste.conserve/materials/plastics/htm United States Food and Drug Administration. (2011). FDA regulates the safety of bottled water beverages. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/UCM2396 31.pdf United States Government Accountability Office. (2009). Bottled water. FDA and consumer protections are often less stringent than comparable EPA protections for tap water. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf Ward, L. A., Cain, O. L., Mullally, R. A., Holliday, K. S., Wernham, A. G. H., Baille, P. D., & Greenfield, S. M. (2009). Health benefits about bottled water: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9(196). doi: 10.1186/1471-24586/1471-2458- 9-196. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/196