1. Chapter 13 Single Entry: Incomplete Records

2. Introduction Incomplete records are normally prepared by businesses which lack professional management or businesses whose accounting records have been destroyed during the period. All the records that these businesses may have are: 1.Balance of assets and liability accounts at the start and end of an accounting period. 2.Information on cash spent and received during an accounting period.

3. Net profit from assets and liability account balances The change in the capital balance of a business from the start of an accounting period to the end is due to: Additional capital invested by owner during the period Net profit or loss for the period; and Drawings taken.

4. Net profit from assets and liability account balances Capital (total assets less liabilities) at start of period X add Capital introduced during the period X add Net profit (loss) X less Drawings (X = Capital (total assets less liabilities) at end of period X NB Capital at close add drawing less capital at start less capital introduced = Net profit (loss)

5. Preparing the Income Statement The format is the same as in business which use full double entry. However, instead of using a Trial Balance, a cash book (amounts received and spent) and asset and liability balances at the start and end of an accounting period are used in single entry businesses Interpreting the Cash book Item Side Receipts from sales/income dr Receipts from loans dr Receipts from debtors dr Payments for expenses cr Payments for assets cr Payment to creditors cr

6. Preparing the Income Statement Once opening and closing balances for trade debtors are given, a debtors/sales ledger control accounts must be prepared to calculated credit sales. The value for credit sales must be added to cash sales if any and used in the Income Statement. Note that cash sales are not the same as receipts from debtors.

7. Preparing the Income Statement Bal b/d (debtors balance at start)xBal b/d (debtors overpaid at start)x Credit sales (balancing figure)xCash/Bank (receipts from customers)x cash/bank (refunds to customers)xCash discounts allowedx NSF/ dishonoured chequesxBad debtsx Sales return/return inwardsx Contra-entry (set off)x Bal c/d overpayment at close)xBal c/d (debtors balance at close)x x x Sales/debtors ledger control account

8. Preparing the Income Statement Once opening and closing balances for trade creditors are given, a creditors/purchases ledger control accounts must be prepared to calculated credit purchases. The value for credit purchases must be added to cash purchase if any and used in the Income Statement. Note that cash purchases are not the same as payments to creditors.

9. Preparing the Income Statement Bal b/d (overpayment balance at start)xBal b/d (suppliers balance at start)x Cash/Bank (payments to creditors)xCredit purchases (balancing figure)x Cash discounts receivedxCash/bank (refunds from suppliers)x Returns outwards/purchases returnsx Contra-entry (set off)x Bal c/d (creditors at close)xBal c/d (overpayment to credit at close)x x x Purchases/creditors ledger control account

10. Preparing the Income Statement Depreciation expense, a non cash expense, must be calculated by subtracting the fixed asset value at close from the value of the fixed asset at start. The reduction is depreciation expense. This must only be done if the rate of depreciation is not given in a question.

11. Preparing the Income Statement $$ Prepaid b/d (start)xOwing b/d (start)x Cash/bank (expense paid)xP&L (balancing figure)x Owing c/d (close)xPrepaid c/d (close)x xx Remember an expense under the accrual basis represents not the cash paid but the amount that must be paid for the accounting period. The account bellows shows how cash expense is to be adjusted if there are amount prepaid or owing.