1. Chapter 18 Energy from Fossil Fuels Environmental Science

2. In The Past

5. Disadvantages Electricity from Coal Burning Pollution from primary energy source of burning coal, especially CO 2 global warming Coal contains sulfur, mercury and sometimes radioactive contaminants that when burned enter our atmosphere to make it to water ways, etc Sulfur oxide compounds create acid rain and acidic soil & waterways making it hard on biota Environmental effects of the mining process also like habitat alterations, mineral leaching, erosion, formation of sinkholes, etc Only 35%efficiency of 2ºenergy source

8. OPEC Members AFRICA: Algeria, Angola, Nigeria, Libya S. AMERICA: Ecuador, Venezuela MIDDLE EAST: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates

9. US Oil Production and Consumption OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Arab Oil Embargo: OPEC Arab members blocked exports of oil to US from Oct 1973 to March 1974 for the US support of Israel in Yom Kippur War Strategic Reserve

10. Economics of Energy Use Supply side economic fixes to high energy prices Increase domestic production Exploratory drilling Alaska Pipeline Demand side fixes to high energy prices: Decrease consumption CAFÉ Standards, Fuel efficiency (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) Conservation goals and energy efficiency 55 mph speed limits Alternative energies technological development, tax incentives and government investments

11. Consumption, Domestic Production, and imports of Petroleum

12. Hubbart Predictions U.S. Oil production would peak (1970s) Dependence on OPEC oil will increase Oil production will follow a bell-shaped curve There are Hubbart curves for all finite energy resources. Coal will last longer than oil.

13. Issues of Foreign Dependence? Trade imbalances Military actions Pollution of oceans Coastal oil spills Variations in cost of purchases Threat of supply disruptions Limitations of nonrenewable resource

14. What does a barrel really cost? $14 in initial costs + $80 for military support services = $94 per barrel of oil But what are the external costs?

15. Other Fossil Fuels Natural Gas – Cost subject to market fluctuation – Currently have a 50 year supply – Pipeline dangerous b/c kept at high pressure – Used for heating/furnace – Can run a modified car, liquified gas – Made into synthetic oil

16. Other Fossil Fuels Coal – 56% of electricity – 250 year supply – Produce more coal than use – Mining issues? – Lots of waste (20,000 tons CO 2, 800 tons SO 2 – Synfuels! (by-products are an issue)

17. Other Fossil Fuels Oil Shales and Oil Sands – Once heated, vapors condensed into something similar to crude oil – Use/modification extremely impractical at the moment Fracking – Heated water and chemicals forced into ground fracturing the shale and releasing gas

18. Issues of Using Fossil Fuels

21. Cogeneration

22. Mining Techniques Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore (rock) body, mineral vein or coal seam Process: mining usually involves first removing overlying soil and rock (the overburden) and putting this into valleyfills or tailing piles Surface mining is more common (98% of metallic ores) includes: Open pit mining (big deep holes), Strip mining (removing surface layer), Mountain Top Removal (often used with coal deposits) Subsurface Mining including: drift mining (horizontal access tunnels), shaft mining (vertical) and slope mining In-situ leaching (uses acids to dissolve the minerals, usually U) Tailings are the excess waste rock, minerals and contaminants

23. Mining Techniques Copper Ore is typically the mineral chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) or sometimes found in malachite mineral CuCO 3 Cu(OH) 2 Average grade of 0.6% for Cu ore Extractive metallurgy Process: pulverize the ore, solubolize it with acids (leaching) or with smelting (heating and electrolysis), then isolate the Cu through redox chemical reactions

24. Coal Mining Reclamation Surface mining is common proactive in Wyoming Reclamation of Wyoming prairies and rolling hills is often very successful Not as complicated an ecosystem as those with mountains, forests and river beds Mountain Top Removal mining, often used in Appalacian Mountains in the East, has been less suscessful with reclamation 724 miles of Appalacian streams buried by valley fills from 1985 to 2001, loss of biodiversity Nearby streams higher levels of acid content (sulfur run-off from coal) and thus more dissolved minerals and heavy metals Blasting releases dust and flyrock with high sulfur content causing corrosion of structures Sometimes no reforestation, possible erosion issues

25. Ghost Town Reminders

26. In-situ mining for Uranium Injected solutions to dissolve minerals, then extraction and recrystalization