1. OS interface: file and I/O system calls File operations in C/C++? –fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), fclose(), fseek() in C f.open(…), f.close(…) in C++ I/O operation in C/C++ –printf(), scanf() in C –cin, cout, cerr in C++ At the UNIX OS interface, File and I/O operations in the UNIX system share the same interface. –open(), read(), write(),close() …… –I/O devices are treated as special files (see /dev directory)

2. File.vs. open file –file - passive container of data; a named sequence of bytes –open file – a file that is opened in a process active sources and sinks for data, need to maintain current position of the open file. –File –Current file position »Maintained by the OS »May shared among different processes

3. File and I/O system calls –open a file int open(const char* path, int flags, mode_t modes) // path: file name, flags: type of open, modes: file permission, only when the file is being created. // return a non negative number when successful, -1 when fail Example: fd = open(“/etc/passwd”, O_RDONLY); –Each open creates a new open file (even if the same file is opened). –read a file ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbyte) // read nbyte data from file fd to buffer buf // fd: file descriptor // buf: pointer to the buffer to hold the data from the file // nbyte: number of bytes to be read // return total number of bytes read, 0 for end of file, -1 when error Example: number = read(fd, buffer, count);

4. File and I/O system calls (continue) –write to a file ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t nbyte); Example: number = write(fd, buffer, count); –close a file int close(int fd); –create a file int creat(const char *path, mode_t mode); // the meaning of mode, // also determined by mask, see man -a umask. creat(path, mode) = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, mode)

5. void FileCopy(char *fromFile, char *toFile) { int fromFD = open(fromFile, O_RDONLY); if (fromFD < 0) { cerr << “Error opening” << fromFile << “\n”; return; } int toFD = creat(toFile, 0666); if (toFD < 0) { cerr << “Error opening” << toFile << “\n”; close(fromFD); return; } while (1) { char ch; int n = read (fromFD, &ch, 1); if (n <= 0) break; // end of file n = write(toFD, &ch, 1); if (n < 0) {cerr << “Error\n”; return;} } close(fromFD); close(toFD); } Example1.cpp

6. Control the position to read/write: lseek from/to where the file is read/written: (file pointer, an implicit parameter) #include off_t lseek(int fd, off_t offset, int whence) whence: SEEK_SET begin + offset SEEK_CUR current + offset SEEK_END end + offset Example: lseek(fd, (off_t)(-1), SEEK_CUR); lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_END); lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_SET);

7. // Example2.cpp void ReverseFile(char *fromFile, char *toFile) { int fromFd = open(fromFile, O_RDONLY); int toFd = creat(toFile, 0666); lseek(fromFd, (off_t)(-1), SEEK_END); while(1) { char ch; int n = read(fromFd, &ch, 1); n = write(toFd, &ch, 1); if (n < 0) {cerr << “Error\n”; exit(0);} if (lseek(fromFd, (off_t)(-2), SEEK_CUR) < 0) break; } close(toFd); close(fromFd); }

8. File meta-information - information about the file that isn’t in the file, such as: –Owner, permissions, timestamps, size, etc. –Try an “ls -l” on a typical UNIX file #include int stat(const char *path, struct stat *buf); –Determine whether file *path exists. –Determine whether the file is executable. –Other meta-information, such as access time, etc. –check out what you can do with ‘utime’.

9. // example3.cpp int check_executable(char *filename) { struct stat buf; int j = stat(filename, &buf); if (j == (-1)) return FILE_NOT_EXIST; if (buf.st_mode & 0111) return EXECUTABLE; return NOT_EXECUTABLE; }