1. Early writing systems or Why is writing important? How do we use writing?

2. Petroglyph symbols from around the world

3. Utah Petroglyphs :What images do you see?

4. Changing from pictographs to writing Chinese characters, first progression Why? How? Helpful?

5. Changing from pictographs to writing Cuneiform

6. Comparison of Chinese and Cuneiform What are the advantages of this simplification of characters? Is this like modern writing?

7. Why do we need numbers? The additive systems of Type 1 have separate symbol for 1 and for each power of 10 (or 20). The example of such a system would be Egyptian hieroglyphic system: Egyptian Hieroglyphic System (Additive numeral systems of Type 1) 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 What About Numbers?

8. Hybrid numeral systems The hybrid numeral systems are the systems that use the principles of addition and multiplication. There are few types of hybrid numeral systems. The example is a common Chinese number system: Common Chinese Numeral System (Hybrid numeral system) Also, Roman numerals are this type of system.

9. Positional numeral systems The difficulties of additive and hybrid numeral systems ? : - Representation of the big numbers usually required a lot of space -Demand for the numbers greater than already existed in the system, required development of the new symbols or conventions. In the positional system, the value of each symbol depends on position of that symbol in the number representation. Sound familiar? We use a positional number system. 10+110+4=?

10. The first positional system The Sumerians and Babylonians were the first civilization to use a positional system It wasn’t base 10. It was base 60. This is why an hour is 60 min. and a circle has 360 degrees.

11. Later history of writing How is an alphabet different from earlier writing systems of pictographs or logograms? How is it similar to numerical systems? Pictographs-> Letters

12. Phoenicians invent the Alphabet Alphabets break down language into the smallest pieces of sound This helps make writing simple enough for literate populations. Why is literacy important?